A [2]

Latin alphabet Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

A

The letter A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a, plural ās or aes.

History

The letter A probably started as a pictogram of an ox head in Egyptian hieroglyphs or the Proto-semitic alphabet.

Egyptian hieroglyph ox head

Proto-semitic ox head

Phoenician aleph

Greek alpha

Etruscan A

Roman A

By 1600 BC, the Phoenician alphabet's letter had a linear form that served as the basis for all later forms. Its name must have corresponded closely to the Hebrew aleph.

When the Ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for the glottal stop that the letter had denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, so they used the sign for the vowel /ɑ/, and changed its name to alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter rests upon its side, but in the Greek alphabet of later times it generally resembles the modern capital letter, although many local varieties can be distinguished by the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cross line is set.

The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to what was Italy and left the letter unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write Latin, and the resulting letter was preserved in the modern Latin alphabet used to write many languages, including English.

The letter has two minuscule (lower-case) forms. The form used in most current handwriting consists of a circle and vertical stroke. Most printed material uses a form consisting of a small loop with an arc over it. Both derive from the majuscule (capital) form. In Greek handwriting, it was common to join the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated by the Uncial version below. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke developed into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others it was dropped, resulting in the modern handwritten form.

Blackletter A	Uncial A
Modern Roman A	Modern Italic A	Modern Script A

Usage

In English, the letter A by itself usually denotes the lax open front unrounded vowel (IPA /æ/) as in pad, the open back unrounded vowel (IPA /ɑ/) as in father, or, in concert with a later e, the diphthong /eɪ/ (though the actual pronunciation depends on the dialect) as in ace, due to effects of the Great vowel shift.

In most other languages that use the Latin alphabet, the letter A denotes either an open back unrounded vowel (IPA /ɑ/), or an open central unrounded vowel (IPA /a/).

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, variants of the letter A denote various vowels. In X-SAMPA, capital A denotes the open back unrounded vowel and lowercase a denotes the open front unrounded vowel.

A also is the English indefinite article, extended to an before a vowel.

Alternative representations

In the NATO phonetic alphabet the letter A is Alfa (which may also be spelled Alpha in English-only environments).

In international Morse code the letter A is DitDah: · -

In Braille the letter A is represented as ⠁ (in Unicode), the dot pattern:

Computing

In Unicode the capital A is codepoint U+0041 and the lowercase a is U+0061.

In Hex, A is the character used to represent decimal 10, or in binary, 01010

The ASCII code for capital A is 65 and for lowercase a is 97; or in binary 01000001 and 01100001, correspondingly.

The EBCDIC code for capital A is 193 and for lowercase a is 129.

The numeric character references in HTML and XML are "A" and "a" for upper and lower case respectively.

Meanings for A

• In medicine, A (also, A+ or A-) is one of the human blood types.
• In biochemistry, A is the symbol for alanine and adenosine.
• In calendars, A is often an abbreviation for the months April and August.
• In computing,
  • <a> is the HTML element for an anchor tag.
  • In Windows, Ctrl-A, and Mac OS, Command-A, selects all the text in the document, or all the pixels of an image.
  • A sometimes represents the set of all alphabetic characters within string patterns.
  • A:\ is the conventional address of the first floppy disk drive in CP/M-based operating systems such as DOS.
  • A is a security division ("Verified Protection") in the TCSEC.
• In education, a grade of A typically represents the highest score that students can achieve. This is sometimes coupled with a plus/minus sign, as in A+ or A-, or a number, as in A1.
• In electronics,
  • A is a standard size of battery.
  • A refers to the Anode, or filament, component of a vacuum tube.
• In English, the word "a" is an indefinite article, see A, an
• In Esperanto, -a is the adjectival/attributive ending; A is commonly an abbreviation meaning English (language).
• In film, A is an Italian film made in 1969; see A (film).
• In finance, A is the U.S. ticker symbol for Agilent Technologies.
• In Greek, a- is a prefix (alpha privativum) meaning "not" or "devoid of", used in many borrowed words in English, German and Romance languages.
• In India A is movie rating, given to those intended to be seen only by adults.
• In international licence plate codes, A stands for Austria.
• In international paper sizes, A is a series of sizes with an aspect ratio of roughly 70% width to height, with A4 being an example popular size.
• In logic,
  • the letter A is used as a symbol for the universal affirmative proposition in the general form "all x is y". The letters I, E and O are used respectively for the particular affirmative "some x is y", the universal negative "no x is y", and the particular negative "some x is not y". The use of these letters is generally derived from the vowels of the two Latin verbs affirmo (or AIo), "I assert", and nego, "I deny". The use of the symbols dates from the 13th century, though some authorities trace their origin to the Greek logicians.
  • In symbolic logic, the symbol ∀ (an inverted letter A) is the universal quantifier.
• In mathematics,
  • A is often used as a digit meaning ten in hexadecimal and other positional numeral systems with a radix of 11 or greater,
  • blackboard bold (𝔄 in Unicode) sometimes represents the algebraic numbers.
  • In the On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, each sequence has an ID consisting of the letter A and six base 10 digits.
• In the SI system of units,
  • A is the symbol for the ampere or amp, the SI base unit of electric current.
  • a, atto, is the SI prefix meaning 10^-18
  • a is the symbol for the are, a unit of surface area equal to 100 square metres.
• In music,
  • A is a Pitch class or note, see A (musical note).
  • A, or "side A", refers to the top or first side of a vinyl record.
  • A is a British rock band; see A (band).
  • A is an album by Jethro Tull; see A (album).
• In nutrition, A is a vitamin.
• In a deck of playing cards, the letter A is used to mark each of the Aces.
• In photography, most SLR cameras use A to signify aperture priority mode, where the user sets the aperture and the camera determines the shutter speed.
• In political theory, a circumscribed "A" is an anarchist symbol.
• As the first letter of a postal code,
  • In Canada, A stands for Newfoundland and Labrador.
• In American Major League Baseball, the Oakland Athletics are often simply referred to as the "A's".
• As a timezone, A is the military designation for Coordinated Universal Time+1, also known as CET or Central European Time.

See also

Wikisource, as part of the 1911 Encyclopedia Wikiproject, has original text related to this article:

A

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Alpha, Cyrillic A, ª, À, Á, Â, Ã, Ä (Ae), Å (Aa), Æ, Ă Ą