Mecha

For the Chicano Student organization, see MEChA. For the type of tea, see Mecha tea.

The title mecha RX-78-2 Gundam from the popular anime Mobile Suit Gundam

In some works of science fiction, mecha (singular or plural, less frequently meka), mechs (singular: mech), or giant robots (preferred term in Japanese) are piloted or remote-controlled limbed vehicles. The key difference between mecha and robots (in the English usage of these terms) is that a mecha has a pilot or controller. The term is derived from the Japanese abbreviation for the English term "mechanical", although English speakers have repurposed the term to mean only the vehicles described above. The original Japanese term of mecha has the broader denotation of all mechanical objects, including cars, guns, computers, and other objects without pilots or limbs.

Mecha are generally war machines, sometimes mass-produced, and are seen as a component of a whole military body and do not act alone in their conflicts, although it is common that only mecha fight mecha, much in the same way tanks and fighter planes do, even in large scale battles.

A large, bipedal machine is not the most flexible of designs, and aside from occasional use in things like heavy construction work, mecha are most often built for combat purposes. As such, their status varies widely between different settings, from one type of unit among others to the undisputed rulers of the battlefield.

The distinction between smaller mecha and their smaller cousins (and likely progenitors), the powered armor suits, is blurred; according to one definition, a mecha is piloted while a powered armor is worn. Anything large enough to have a cockpit where the pilot is seated is generally considered a mecha.

The first occurrence of mecha in fiction is thought to be the novel The War of the Worlds by H. G. Wells where the Martians use tripod walkers very similar to mecha.

Rarely, mecha has been used in a fantasy convention, most notably in The Vision of Escaflowne and Maze animes. In those cases, the mecha designs are usually based on some alternative Dieselpunk technology or 'lost' science-fiction technology from ancient times.

East vs. West

Battlemechs from cover of the book The Legend of the Jade Phoenix by Robert Thurston

Mecha are quite popular in Japanese manga, and by extension anime. In Western entertainment, they are occasionally seen in games, especially the action, strategy and simulation genres, but the most well-known Western context for mecha is BattleTech. The original BattleTech - a tabletop strategy game - has been the basis of numerous MechWarrior computer games and a role-playing game and is the origin of the related term "mech". Other products bearing the BattleTech name include a collectible card game, books, comics and an animated TV series. Ironically, FASA, the company that produced BattleTech, was sued for copyright infringement for using several mecha designs from The Super Dimension Fortress Macross and other anime series allegedly without the proper copyright licenses¹ (the first edition of BattleTech, then named 'BattleDroids, actually included two Japanese 1/144 model kits from the Fang of Sun Dougram anime series).

Though designs vary widely in both eastern and western mecha, there is a general difference in style. Japanese ones tend to be sleeker and anthropomorphic as opposed to the rugged, utilitarian, and arguably practical western ones, and it's not unusual for Japanese mecha to perform difficult acrobatic manoeuvers while some western machines would have trouble getting up. Fingered hands are much more common on eastern mecha; western designs often just have upper limbs with permanent weapon emplacements. Even anime seems to follow this convention; in the film Patlabor 2, Japanese-designed humanoid mecha did battle with an American-made spider/tank mecha.

An interesting compromise of the two design philosophies can be found in the Armored Core series of videogames; while the mecha can frequently be humanoid and are capable of flight and hand-to-hand combat in the Eastern tradition. Alternately, a plethora of weight, power, heat and other semi-realistic limitations are placed on them during their design and customisation by the player, more reminiscent of Western mecha design.

The word 'mech' is used to describe such vehicles considerably more often in western entertainment than in Asian entertainment. "Mech" as a term originated from BattleTech (where is is often written as 'Mech, short for BattleMech or OmniMech), and is not used in Japan in other contexts except as an unintentional misspelling of 'mecha' (With the exception of the Japanese version of BattleTech, which attempts to retain the English word.) In Japanese, 'mecha' is the more frequent term (see 'Other meanings' below), though in the series themselves they are seldom known as such.

The mecha genre of anime

In anime, 'mecha' is a genre that features the vehicles and their pilots as the central characters. Here, the average mecha are usually twenty feet tall at the smallest, outfitted with a wide variety of weapons, and quite frequently have tie-ins with toy manufacturers. The Gundam franchise is an excellent example: Gundam toys and model kits (produced by the Japanese toymaker Bandai) are ubiquitous in Japan. In this genre teenage pilots are more common than would be feasible in real life.

Mecha anime and manga differ vastly in storytelling and animation quality from title to title, and content ranges all the way from children's shows to ones intended for an older teen or adult audience.

Some mecha are capable of transformation (Macross to name but one) or combining to form even bigger ones (see Voltron). Go Nagai is also often credited with inventing this in 1974 with the television series Getter Robo.

History

The genre started with Miseteru Yokoyama's 1956 manga Tetsujin 28-go (which was later animated in 1963 and also released abroad as Gigantor). Its inclusion is debatable however, as the robot was controlled by remote instead of a cockpit in the machine. Not long after that the genre was largely defined by author Go Nagai, into something considerably more fantastical. Mazinger Z, his most famous creation, was not only the first successful Super Robot anime series, but also the pioneer of the genre staples like weapons that were activated by the hero calling out their names ("Rocket Punch!"). It was also a pioneer in die-cast metal toys such as the Chogokin series in Japan and the Shogun Warriors in the U.S., that were (and still are) very popular with children and collectors. Getter Robo, for its part, was the first combining robot, something that became a frequent design theme and was aggressively imitated in similar mecha shows.

An MS-06F Zaku II from Mobile Suit Gundam

The appearance of Gundam in 1979 is considered to have broken the mecha genre into two subsets: the super robot show, which focused on ultratech mecha that often had elements of mysticism and tend to use a "monster of the week" format; and the real robot show, in which the mecha are shown as tools rather than semi-mystical creations, and the focus is less on the machines and more on the pilots. The introduction of Mobile Suit Gundam in 1979 introduced a sort of paradox: a war show about giant war machines that was in fact anti-war at heart.

Other notable series include but are by no means limited to The Super Dimension Fortress Macross, which in its modified Robotech form led to the breakthrough of anime in the USA, Hideaki Anno's Gunbuster, which along with Macross is considered the pinnacles of anime in the 1980s, the police-focused Patlabor, and as examples of older shows, Go Lion and Giant Robo. Macross was especially noteworthy as it showed mecha fighting under combined arms tactics, ranging from the infantry Spartan MBR-07-II to the jet fighter VF-1 Valkyrie and artillery Monster HWR-00-II.

One anime series that drew from the tradition of both super robot and real robot genres while being completely unique was Hideaki Anno's Neon Genesis Evangelion. Considered by many to be the spiritual successor to Space Runaway Ideon, Evangelion was highly successful and quite controversial similar to its would-be predecessor.

The mecha genre in anime is still alive and well as the new millennium came, with revival OVAs like Getter Robo: the Last Day and Mazinkaiser from the Super Robot tradition, the new Gundam Seed series from the Real Robot side, and Rahxephon, a successful sci-fi anime series in the vein of Evangelion.

Games

Because of their size and power, and the resultant potential for massive property damage demonstrating that size and power, mecha are quite popular subjects for games, both tabletop and electronic.

Tabletop games centered around mecha include BattleTech, Mekton, Heavy Gear, Jovian Chronicles, Gear Krieg, Mecha!, OHMU and many others. Mecha also show up regularly in other games such as Rifts and Exalted, though they are not a major element of the setting. Mecha are also major elements in some fantasy games, such as DragonMech and Iron Kingdoms.

Mecha are often featured in computer and console games. One notable console title that focuses on the mecha anime genre is Banpresto's Super Robot Wars series (also known as Super Robot Taisen), which in each installment of its games depict an elaborate crossover of popular and less-known mecha anime series. Also popular is Zone of the Enders, an action game, and the various Armored Core titles. Many game adaptations have been made of various popular mecha franchises, including Mobile Suit Gundam: Encounters in Space, many Macross games, and even American titles like the MechWarrior and MechCommander series, the Earthsiege and Starsiege series, Robotech: Battlecry and Robotech: Invasion. Also, there are the Front Mission games by Japanese developer Square Enix (who are also responsible for an homage to Super Robot anime with Robot Alchemic Drive), which are seeing increased popularity in America, especially with the third and fourth installments for PlayStation and PlayStation 2. Some non mecha-oriented games also feature some, like Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun.

Grammar

The word "mecha" is both singular and plural, it specifically covers the Japanese aspect of the genre (because they refer to it as "meka"). The word "mech" or "mechs", singular and plural forms respectively, can refer to American mechanical design (such as BattleTech, though many of that game's early graphical designs were actually Japanese in origin). However, it is not grammatically incorrect to refer to all such machines as "mechs". "Mechas" is rare.

Word Origins and Usage

In Japanese, the word mecha (or meka) is an abbreviation of the English "mechanical" and used to refer to all mechanical objects, real-world or fictional. In this sense, it's extended to humanoid, human-sized robots and such things as the boomers from Bubblegum Crisis, the similar replicants of Blade Runner, and cyborgs can be referred to as mecha, as well as mundane real-life objects such as industrial robots, cars and even toasters. In Japanese, the term "giant robots" is used in the similar context that English speakers have repurposed the term "mecha."

This is far less frequent among English speakers. There are exceptions; in the film A.I. Artificial Intelligence, the word is used to describe 'mechanicals' (robotic humanoids), as opposed to 'orga' for 'organics' (humans).

Mecha as practical war machines

The question of whether mecha could ever be used in the real world as practical war machines is a widely debated topic on many mecha forums (usually among mecha enthusiasts vs. utilitarians). Due to their intended purpose, mecha are usually compared to tanks (or in Gundam or Macross's case, fighters).

The major advantage usually cited promoting mecha over tanks is the mecha's use of legs, which emulates a human's ability to traverse almost any kind of terrain, thus giving a mecha superior all-terrain capability. However, the use of legs means that all of the machine's weight is focused on two relatively small points. Considering that most mecha are depicted as very large and heavy, this could cause severe problems if the mecha were to traverse any kind of soft terrain where its legs could sink into the ground, and inhibit movement. This is in contrast to a tank's treads which spread its weight out over a much larger area, reducing the weight burden on any given point. In addition, the tank's treads emulate the method a caterpiller uses to move, which gives it excellent all terrain movement. However, treads do have their limitations when it comes to all terrain movement. Numerous medium sized objects like dragon's teeth can severely limit or even stop a tank's ability to move. Such an obstacle might not be an issue for a bipedal mech with legs.

Also often pointed out is the agility of a mecha, which can in theory move in an unpredictable manner to present a more difficult target and/or dodge incoming fire. In the context of 21st century projectile weapons, dodging such attacks would be just as absurd as any human being able to do so. However, it would be possible for mechas to reduce their targetability through agility. In order to accomplish this, a mecha would need to have a range of motion very similar to a human being. This range of motion precludes the battlefield use of the vast majority of mecha depictions, which tend to be limited in range of movement (like BattleTech mechs) or which have mechanical control systems that limit the range of movement by limiting the range of controls.

Linear top speed is another restriction upon mechas, as they would be limited both in how quickly their legs could cycle while running, and by the amount of stress the legs could take from impacts on the ground while doing so (to say nothing of how the ground would react!). This restriction could be mitigated by the use of an alternate mode of travel, but the frequent depiction of flying as this secondary mode would likely turn a battlefield into a trap shoot for opposing units.

Another advantage stressed is the higher clearance a mecha has compared to the relatively low profile tank. Its higher vantage point allows it to see farther into the horizon, shoot farther, and at better angles. However, this is also a disadvantage, as a mecha presents a much larger target profile as a result of its stance. Raising a mech's clearance increases its frontal projection area, making it a very obvious, and easy to hit target. The stance of a mecha also means that the use of armour for protection-by-deflection would not be of use, as armour plates are more likely to be "square on" to incoming fire from the ground. Oddly, the opposite could be said to be true of incoming fire from the air.

Utilitarians also point out that a mech's leg drive system would be far too complex and costly to be practical on the battlefield. This is in contrast to a tank's tread system, which is easy to repair and replace should the need arise. Another criticism involves a mecha's inherently poor stability. A tank is very low, and close to the ground which not only makes it harder to hit, but makes it very stable. A mecha is tall and can easily fall down, making it extremely vulnerable if not completely useless. Also destroying a leg in combat, (a relatively easy thing to do, considering it's size compared to a tank's tread), would also render the mecha immobile and out of action.

Another use for mecha, as opposed to replacing tanks would be for them to function in a similar manner to aerospace or conventional fighters, as is depicted in various Gundam shows or Macross. The notion of a "flying robot" is sometimes considered absurd, until mecha enthusiasts point out the Mecha's ability to take advantage of AMBAC. However the ability to properly debate how such a machine would function in the real world is currently impossible due to an inability to test it. Despite that, some point out that even if AMBAC were to work, its concept would be better utilized in non-mecha designs.

It is also possible, that rather then replacing tanks, a mech could be used for urban combat senarios in an infantry support role. Such a mecha would probably only be 5-7 meters tall and would be verging on power armor. The size of such a mecha would enable it to carry heavy weapons that would otherwise be unavalible to an infantry squad, yet its legs would allow it to manuever more freely than a tank in the close confines of an urban environment. Furthermore the presence of actuated arms would allow a mecha to deal with infantry that manage to get into direct physical contact with the mech, something that tanks are currently unable to do. In addition it would grant several enhanced prehensile attributes unavailable to vehicles and improved over infantry capabilities. The paved roads of an urban environment would also negate the problems of weight distribution. Despite this, a mecha in an urban environment faces the difficulty of manuever, the sheer amount of clutter that can be present in urban terrain might prove too much for a mechs gyroscopes to handle. And also due to its much smaller size, an urban combat mecha could be blocked by tank traps, and other kinds of barricades.

Another consideration for military use of mecha would be for non-combat support functions. The example in the movie Aliens is one such depiction, where the vaguely humanoid shape allows for an unmatched versatility in manual labour tasks. Under these circumstances, where development of such a mecha was undertaken for other reasons, it might be worthwhile for a military service to arm them after the fact. All of the above issues would be mitigated by the fact that combat would not be the mecha's primary role, but would instead be a secondary function only used when circumstances were dire. This would naturally point us towards the development of mecha for purposes other than military (heavy police action, industrial firefighting, mining, etc.). If this were to take place, no doubt some military service would apply the concept of mechas to a fighting force, were some other sector to take the cost of development upon themselves.

In light of all these disadvantages, many consider the price of even developing a working prototype would be far too costly for something not even practical today.

Specific mecha in media

(list is not comprehensive)

• "Aestivalis" - Nadesico
• "Antibody" - Brain Powered
• "Anti-Gnosis Weapon System" (A.G.W.S.) - Xenosaga
• "Armored Walking Gun System" (A.W.G.S.) - Gungriffon
• "Assault Maneuver Weapon System" (A.M.W.S.) - Xenosaga
• "Assault Vehicles" (A.V.'s) - Big Bad Beetleborgs
• "Armored Core" ("AC") - Armored Core
• "Armored Fighting Walker" - Ring of Red
• "Armored Module", "Chokijin", "Multi Walker", "Personal Trooper, "Assault Dragoon", "Valkyrie", "Tetsujin", "Super Machinery Humanoid", and "Dynamic General Guardian" - Super Robot Wars
• "Armored Shrike" - Blue Gender
• "Armored Trooper" - Armored Trooper Votoms
• "Arm Slave" - Full Metal Panic
• "All Terrain Armored Transport" - Star Wars (AT-AT)
• "All Terrain Personnel Transport" - Star Wars (AT-PT)
• "All Terrain Scout Transport" - Star Wars (AT-ST)
• "All Terrain Tactical Enforcer" - Star Wars (AT-TE)
• "All Terrain Armored Combatant" (ATAC) - Vanguard Bandits
• "APU (Armored Personnel Unit) - The Matrix Reloaded/The Matrix Revolutions
• "Aura Battler" - Aura Battler Dunbine
• "Autobots"-Transformers
• "Battle Vehicles" (B.V.'s) - Beetleborgs Metallix
• "Battleoid" - Master Of Orion series (2 and 3)
• "Battroid/Battloid" and "Destroid" - Macross/Robotech
• "BattleMech" ("'Mech") - BattleTech
• "Buster Machine" and "Sizzler" - Gunbuster
• "Boron" - Beetleborgs Metallix
• "Combat Armor" - Fang of Sun Dougram
• "Crisis Suit"(Tau) - Warhammer 40,000
• "Dann of Thursday" - Gun X Sword
• "Dannars" - Godannar
• "Dark Trooper" (Phase III) - Star Wars
• "Decepticons"-Transformers
• "Dolem" - RahXephon
• "E-frame" (shortened "Exo-Frame") - Exosquad
• "Einvalt" - Infinite Ryvius (Note: Usually referred to simply as the "Vital Guarder", although the latter term is a catch-all for battleship-linked mecha in the series)
• "ES Unit" - Xenosaga
• "Evangelion Unit" - Neon Genesis Evangelion (Note: The Evangelion is mostly organic rather than mechanical)
• "Exo-Armor" - Jovian Chronicles
• "Fafner" - Fafner of the Azure
• "Gear" - Heavy Gear, Xenogears
• "Gear Fighter" and "Data Weapon" - Gear Fighter Dendoh
• "Goliath" - Starcraft
• "Guymelef" and "Melef" - Escaflowne
• "Hakkeshu" - Hades Project Zeorymer
• "Hazard Trooper" - Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy
• "Heavy Metal" - Heavy Metal L-Gaim
• "Hercules Titan" - City of Heroes (Contains human brain rather than a complete pilot)
• "Humaniform-Emulation Roboticized Combat Unit with Leg-Articulated Navigation" (HERCULEAN or Herc) - Starsiege
• "Human-Assisted Robot" (or HAR) - One Must Fall series (2097 and Battlegrounds)
• "Hunter" - Secret Fantasy Odyssey
• "Iczer Robo" - Fight! Iczer One
• "Jet Alone" - Neon Genesis Evangelion (Note: Though possessing artificial intelligence, this unmanned craft was remotely human-operated before becoming rogue)
• "Jin-ki" (Man-Machine) - Jinki Extend
• "Kbot" - Total Annihilation
• "Koubu" - Sakura Wars
• "Kronos Titan" - City of Heroes (Contains human brain rather than a complete pilot)
• "Labor" and "Patrol Labor" - Patlabor
• "Landmate" - Appleseed
• "Magitek (M-tek) Armor" - Final Fantasy VI (US translation only; Original Japanese version translated closer to "Majick-Based Armor")
• "Mammoth mark II" - Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun
• "Maneuver Slave" - Megazone 23
• "Man-Machine" - Gaia Gear
• "Mashin" - Magic Knight Rayearth
• "Masouki" (Elemental Machine) and "Masoukishin" (Elemental Machine God) - Masoukishin: Lord of Elemental
• "MAV" - Dark Horizons: Lore
• "Metal Gear", e.g. "Metal Gear REX" and "Metal Gear RAY" - Metal Gear
• "Megadeus" - The Big O
• "Mecha Earth Guard Attack System" (Megas) - Megas XLR
• "Mechagodzilla"- Godzilla films
• "Mecha-King Ghidorah"- Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah
• "Mekton" - Mekton
• "Metal Armor" - Metal Armor Dragonar
• "Mobile Bit" - Gundam X
• "Mobile Citizen" - Superior Defender Gundam Force
• "Mobile Doll" - Gundam Wing
• "Mobile Fighter" - G Gundam
• "Mobile Operation Godzilla Expert Aero-Type" (MOGERA) - Godzilla vs. SpaceGodzilla
• "Mobile suit" and "Mobile armor" - Gundam
• "MCA (Mobile Combat Armor)" - Shogo: Mobile Armor Division
• "Mortar Headd" - Five Star Stories
• "M.T.A (Mobile Tactical Armor)" - Hennarah Saga
• "Muscle Tracer" ("MT") - Armored Core
• "NoBot" - Wars CCG
• "Orbital Frame" and "LEV(Laborious Extra-orbital Vehicle)" - Zone of the Enders
• "Omnigear" - Xenogears
• "Overkill Engine" - Carnage Heart
• "Powered Suit" - Starship Troopers
• "RahXephon" - RahXephon
• "Roboborg" - Beetleborgs Metallix
• "Round Buckler" - The Mars Daybreak
• "Round Vernian" - Vifam
• "Scoobee" and "SV" - Phantom Crash
• "Sentinel" - Slave Zero (a purely mechanical robot)
• "Senjutsuki" - Muv-Luv Unlimited/Alternative
• "Soldierboy", "Flyboy" and "Waterboy" - Forever Peace
• "ST (Standing Tank)" - Battle Clash and Metal Combat
• "Struggle Suit" - Gall Force
• "Super Powered Tracer" and "Terror Striker" - SPT Layzner
• "Super Robot" - Mazinger Z, Getter Robo
• "Slave" - Slave Zero (a biological robot)
• "T.A. (Tatical Armor)" - Gasaraki
• "Titan" - Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun
• "Titan", "Dreadnought", "Wraithlord", and "Defiler" - Warhammer 40,000
• "Tripod" - The War of the Worlds
• "V.A. (Variant Armor)" - Armored Warrior/Cyberbots
• "Vandread" and "Vanguard" - Vandread
• "VF-1 Valkyrie" and other variable fighters - The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
• "Veritech fighter" - Robotech
• "Vermillion" - RahXephon
• "Vertical Tank" - Steel Battalion
• "VOTOM (Verticle One-man Tank for Offensive Maneuvers)" - Armored Trooper Votoms
• "VR (Virtuaroid)" - Virtual-On Cybertroopers
• "Walker Machine" - Combat Mecha Xabungle
• "Wolverine powered assault armor" - Command & Conquer: Tiberian Sun
• "Wanderung Panzer" ("Wanzer") - Front Mission
• "Zarg" - Argentosoma
• "Zeus Titan" - City of Heroes (Contains human brain rather than a complete pilot)
• "Zenith Megamech" - City of Heroes (Never seen in action, destroyed before it can be activated.)
• "Zoid" - Zoids
• "Zord" - Power Rangers

Notes

1. The related lawsuits were settled out of court, and later products of BattleTech do not use the designs under contention.

External links

• Real Life Comics compares western and eastern mecha
• Gears Online

Real-life attempts at building mechs

• Mechanized Propulsion Systems
• Neogentronyx.com