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Pieter Brueghel the Elder or Bruegel (c.1525 – September 9, 1569) was a Flemish painter known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. There are records that he was born in Broghel near Breda, but it is unsure whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel.

He was an apprentice of Pieter Coecke van Aelst, whose daughter Mayke he later married, and was in 1551 accepted as a master in the painters' guild of Antwerp. He travelled to Italy soon after, and then returned to Antwerp before settling in Brussels permanently 10 years later. He died there on 9 September 1569.

He was the father of Pieter Brueghel the Younger and Jan Brueghel the Elder who both became painters, but as they were still infants when their father died; neither received any training from him.

Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants, painted in a simpler style than the Italianate art that prevailed at the time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Brueghel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel dynasty, but is also the one generally meant when the context does not make clear which "Brueghel" is being referred to.

He is often credited as being the first western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake, rather than as a backdrop to a religious allegory. His winter landscapes of 1565 are corroborative evidence of the severity of winters during the Little ice age.

Contents 1 Works 2 Portrayals in literature 3 Other resources 4 See also

Works

There are 45 authenticated surviving paintings while a number are known to have been lost. One-third of these are in the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. A large number of drawings and engravings also still exist.

• Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias, 1553, probably with Maarten de Vos, private collection
• Large Fish Eat Small Fish, 1556, Albertina, Vienna
• Ass at School, 1556, Kupferstichkabinett Staatliche Museen, Berlin
• Parable of the Sower, 1557, Timken Museum of Art, San Diego
• Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, c.1558, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
• Dutch Proverbs, 1559, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin - Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
  
• The Fight Between Carnival and Lent, 1559, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Naval Battle in the Gulf of Naples, 1560, Galleria Doria-Pamphili, Rome
• Portrait of an Old Woman, 1560,
• Children's Games, 1560, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Saul (Battle Against The Philistines On The Gilboa), 1562, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Two Small Monkeys, 1562, Staaliche Museen, Gemäldegalerie, Berlin
• The Triumph of Death, c. 1562, Museo del Prado, Madrid
• The Fall of the Rebel Angels, 1562, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
• Dulle Griet (Mad Meg), c. 1562, Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp
• The Tower of Babel, 1563, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Flight To Egypt, 1563, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London
• The "Little" Tower of Babel, c. 1563, Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam
• The Death of the Virgin, 1564, Upton House, Banbury, Oxfordshire, UK
• The Procession to Calvary, 1564, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Adoration of the Kings, 1564, The National Gallery, London
• The Months. A cycle of 6 or 12 paintings of the months or seasons from the Book of Hours of which five remain:
  • The Hunters in the Snow (Dec.-Jan.), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  • The Gloomy Day (Feb.-Ma.), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
  • Hay-Harvest (June-July), 1565, National Museum, Prague
  • The Harvesters (Aug.-Sept.), 1565, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
  • The Return of the Herd (Oct.-Nov.), 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap, 1565, Wiltshire, Wilton House
• The Calumny of Apelles, 1565, British Museum, London
• Massacre of the Innocents, c. 1565, Hampton Court, U.K./Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Painter and the Connoisseur, c. 1565, Albertina, Vienna
• Preaching Of John The Baptist, 1566, Beaux Arts Museum, Budapest
• Census at Bethlehem, 1566, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Brussels
• The Wedding Dance, c. 1566, Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit
• Conversion Of Paulus, 1567, Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna
• The Land of Cockaigne/Land Of Milk And Honey, 1567, Alte Pinakothek, Munich
• The Magpie on the Gallows, 1568, Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt
• The Misanthrope, 1568, Museo di Capodimonte, Naples
• The Blind Leading the Blind, 1568, Museo Nazionale, Naples
• The Peasant Wedding, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Peasant Dance, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Beggars, 1568, Louvre, Paris
• The Peasant and the Nest Robber, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
• The Three Soldiers, 1568, The Frick Collection, New York City
• The Storm at Sea, an unfinished work, probably Bruegel's last painting.

Portrayals in literature

• Rucker, R. (2002). As above, so below: A novel of Peter Bruegel. New York: Forge.
• Michael Frayn (2000) Headlong, ISBN 0571201474. A novel in which a young art historian discovers the lost painting from The Months cycle.
• Gert Hofmann's novella Der Blindensturz (1985) depicts the figures in The Blind Leading the Blind coming to life.

Other resources

• Biography at the Web Gallery of Art
• Pieter Bruegel the Elder at Olga's Gallery
• [1] List of all 100 proverbs in Netherlandish Proverbs (in English)
• [2] Complete list of paintings. Includes all of the 100 proverbs from the painting, with explaination (in French).

See also

• List of Belgian painters
• Early Renaissance painting

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