Vocal

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For other senses of this word, see singer (disambiguation).

In music a singer is a type of musician who uses his or her voice as an instrument to produce music. Usually, singing refers to vocal melody only, though vocalist is a similar term which which also encompasses non-melodic sounds and effectively includes anyone using their voice as part of a musical composition, including spoken word and rapping.

A lead singer (in barbershop music simply called a lead) is one who sings the primary vocals of a song, as opposed to a backup singer who sings backup vocal(s) to a song or harmonies to the lead singer. An exception is in five-part gospel a cappella music, where the lead is the highest of the five voices and sings a descant, never the melody which may be in any of the other four parts.

In European classical music and opera, voices are treated just like musical instruments. Composers write music for these instruments, understanding the skills and vocal properties of the singers. Singers build careers by specializing in certain musical styles.

To help both composers and singers, voice classification systems evolved, of which there are now many systems. How loud or how fast a singer can sing can be taken into account, while some systems include non-musical characteristics like what a singer looks like, how well a singer acts (crucial in opera), or how funny a singer can be. In Germany, opera houses use a complex sorting procedure, called the fach system, that considers all these elements.

Classifying singers by range and sex is the most common method. But even using these guidelines, there are still many categories. Some common classifications are:

• Female voices:
  • soprano, the highest female voice
  • mezzo-soprano, the middle female voice
  • contralto, the lowest female voice, called alto in chorus music

• Male voices:
  • treble/boy soprano, the highest male voice (unbroken, boy)
  • countertenor, the highest broken male voice (falsetto)
  • tenor, the highest broken male voice (not falsetto)
  • baritone, the middle male voice
  • bass, the lowest male voice

There are many other designations, including soubrette, heldentenor, bass-baritone, coloratura, and basso buffo. There are even categories for men capable of singing in the female range. This type of voice is rare, but still used in opera. In Baroque music, many roles were written for castratos, male singers who were castrated as boys to prevent their voices from changing. Today, with training, a man can still sing these roles. This singer is called a sopranist, countertenor, or male alto.

Singers may also be classified according to the style of music they sing, such as soul singers or carnatic vocalists.

See also

• Humming
• Rapping
• singer-songwriter
• List of female singers
• List of male singers
• Category:Vocalists
• Death growl

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