Vaudeville

For the town in France, see Vaudeville, Meurthe-et-Moselle.

Vaudeville is a style of multi-act theatre which flourished in North America from the 1880s through the 1920s. An evening's "bill" (or schedule of performances) could run the gamut from acrobats to mathematicians, from song-and-dance duos to trick high divers. Indeed, the scope of the presentations was unique in the history of American live performance: music, comedy, feats of athleticism, magic, animal acts, opera, Shakespeare, banjo, acrobatics and gymnastics, and lectures by celebrities and intellectuals of every scale.

A bill usually began with a dumb act (e.g., acrobats, trick bicyclists), allowing late arriving audience members to find their seats without interrupting important dialogue; peaked in the penultimate spot with the "headliner" (the biggest draw on the bill and focus of that week's publicity effort); and might conclude with a "chaser", an act considered admirable enough to feature but dull enough to chase the audience from the theatre, an important role in houses that offered continuously revolving performances.

History

Origin

Though often confused with variety, its generically distinct predecessor (c. 1860s-1881), mature vaudeville distinguished itself from the earlier form by its mixed-gender audience, usually alcohol-free halls, and often slavish devotion to inculcating favor among members of the emerging middle class. Its popularity grew in step with the rise of industry and the growth of North American cities during this period, and declined with the introduction of sound films and radio. The origin of the term is obscure, but is often considered a corruption of the expression "voix de ville", or "voice of the city". Another plausible etymology is that it is a corruption of the French Vau de Vire, a valley in Normandy noted for style of songs with topical themes. It should be noted, however, that almost all Western theatre (even original Renaissance productions of Shakespeare's work) revolved around variety performance of one type or another.

Popularity

Though the form gradually developed from the concert saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the late 1860s and through 1870s, the usual date given for the "birth" of vaudeville rests at October 24, 1881, the night upon which variety performer and theatre owner Tony Pastor, hard in the midst of his seemingly interminable effort to lure women into the male-dominated variety hall, famously staged the first bill of self-proclaimed "clean" vaudeville in New York City. After the incorporation of women into the audience, vaudeville's greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength was its development of the circuit, a chain of allied vaudeville houses that foiled the chaos of the single theatre booking system by contracting acts for regional and national engagement that could span from a few weeks to two years. Benjamin Franklin Keith founded the most important circuit of theatres in vaudeville history. Later, E.F. Albee, grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, managed the chain to its greatest success. Albee also gave national prominence to vaudeville's trumpeting of "polite" entertainment, a commitment to entertainment that could be consumed by men, women and children, giving offense to no party. Those acts who violated various dicta supporting this ethos (e.g., using the word "hell") were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the week's remaining bills. (It is worth noting, however, that performers routinely flouted such censorship, often to the delight of the very audience members whose presumed respectability had demanded the rather Orwellian style of the vaudeville house manager in the first place.) The most striking examples of Gilded Age theatre architecture invariably rose from the largess of big time vaudeville magnates, insistent that these houses of juggling dogs and yodelers embody the very pinnacle of high class. On the other end of the scale, small time houses could be converted saloons, rough hewn theatres or multi-purpose halls. By the late 1890s, vaudeville thus found itself in the enviable position of having large circuits, small and/or large houses in almost every decent sized location, standardized booking, broad pools of skilled acts, and a loyal national following. At its height, vaudeville was rivaled by only churches and public schools as the nation's premiere public gathering place.

Decline

There was no abrupt end to vaudeville. The continued growth of the lower-priced cinema in the early 1910s dealt the most striking blow to the vaudeville, just as the advent of free broadcast television was to later shrink the cultural and economic strength of the cinema. Ironically, cinema was first regularly commercially presented in the United States in vaudeville halls. By the late 1920s, even the hardiest within the vaudeville industry understood the form to be staggered; the wise understood the condition to be terminal. The 1930s, graced with standardized film distribution and talking pictures, and cursed by the economic ravages of the Great Depression, only confirmed the end of the genre. The shift of New York City's Palace Theatre, vaudeville's epicenter, to an exclusively cinema presentation in 1932 is often noted as vaudeville's moment of death, but like the attempts to tie its birth to Pastor's first clean bill, no single event may be accurately considered as anything more than reflective of its gradual withering. Though good-hearted conversations about its resurrection were had throughout the 1930s, the demise of the supporting apparatus of the circuits and the inescapably higher cost of live performance made any resurrection attempts of vaudeville impossible.

After the fall

From newspaper promotional for vaudeville character actor Charles E. Grapewin

Some in the industry blamed cinema's drain of talent from the vaudeville circuits for the medium's demise. Lured by greater salaries and less arduous working conditions, many early film and radio performers, such as W. C. Fields, Buster Keaton, the Marx Brothers, Edgar Bergen, Jack Benny and The Three Stooges, used the prominence they first gained in live variety performance to vault out of the medium. Largely, however, vaudeville's performers scattered to the winds. Many later appeared in the Catskill resorts that constituted the "Borscht Belt". Some performers whose electric styles did not conform as well to the greater intimacy of the screen, like Bert Lahr, continued to fashion careers out of combining live performance, radio and film roles. Other vaudevillians who entered in its decline, including The Three Stooges, Abbott and Costello, Kate Smith, Judy Garland, and Rose Marie used vaudeville as a launching pad for their own careers. And many simply recused themselves from performance and entered the workaday world of the middle class, that group that vaudeville, more than anything else, had helped to articulate and entertain.

Yet vaudeville, both in its methods and ruling aesthetic, did not simply perish, but rather resounded throughout the succeeding media of film, radio and television. Certainly, the screwball comedies of the 1930s, those exquisite reflections of the all too brief moment of cinematic equipoise between dialogue and physicality, should be viewed as heirs of vaudeville's aesthetic. In form, the television variety show owed much to vaudeville, riding the multi-act format to success in shows such as "Your Show of Shows" with Sid Caesar. Even today, performers such as Bill Irwin, Macarthur Fellow and Tony Award-winning actor, are frequently lauded as "New Vaudevillians".

Related forms

• Concert saloon
• Variety hall
• Cabaret
• Burlesque
• Music hall
• "Borscht Belt"
• Nightclub

Noted vaudeville performers

• Abbott and Costello
• Adele & Fred Astaire
• Bessie Smith
• The Barrison Sisters
• Nora Bayes & Jack Norworth
• Milton Berle
• Jack Benny
• Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy
• Sarah Bernhardt
• Ray Bolger
• Fanny Brice
• Joe E. Brown
• George Burns & Gracie Allen
• Frank Byron, Jr.
• Marie Cahill
• Eddie Cantor
• Alan Carney
• Charlie Case
• Vernon and Irene Castle
• Charlie Chaplin
• Charmon
• Ching Ling Foo
• George M. Cohan
• Marie Dressler
• Jimmy Durante
• Cliff Edwards aka Ukelele Ike
• Julian Eltinge
• W.C. Fields
• Eddie Foy
• Trixie Friganza
• Joe Frisco
• Gallagher & Shean
• Judy Garland (as part of The Gumm Sisters)
• Charles E. Grapewin
• Gene Greene
• Gypsy Rose Lee
• Great Lester
• Jack Haley
• Buxter Jake, Sr.
• Anna Held
• Hildegarde
• Bob Hope
• Harry Houdini
• May Irwin
• George Jessel
• Al Jolson
• Buster Keaton
• Bert Lahr
• Harry Lauder
• Beatrice Lillie
• The Marx Brothers
• Winsor McCay & Gertie the Dinosaur
• Ethel Merman
• Jimmy Nelson
• The Original Creole Orchestra
• Isabella Patricola
• Joe Penner
• Molly Picon
• Blanche Ring
• Bill "Bojangles" Robinson
• Will Rogers
• Pat Rooney
• Rose Marie
• Lillian Russell
• Blossom Seeley
• Red Skelton
• Smith & Dale
• Kate Smith
• Eva Tanguay
• The Three Stooges
• Vesta Tilly
• Sophie Tucker
• Ben Turpin
• Van & Schenck
• Jules Vernon
• Weber & Fields
• Donald "Monk" Watson
• Señor Wences
• Mae West
• Bert Williams
• Paul Winchell
• Ed Wynn
• Henny Youngman

See also

• Music Hall
• Hello Nurse

External link

• American Vaudeville Museum
• Virtual Vaudeville
• Glossary of Vaudeville Slang
• / Listen to the Song "Will It Play In Peoria"

• THE FALCON TRIO VAUDEVILLE COLLECTION, 1912-1931 - Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.