35mm

Simulated 35 mm film with soundtracks - The outermost strips (on either side) contain the SDDS soundtrack as an image of a digital signal. In from them are the perforations used to drive the film through the projector, along with the Dolby Digital soundtrack between them. On the left side only the two tracks of analog soundtrack can be seen, often encoded using Dolby Surround to simulate a third track. Just in from the analog track is the timecode used to synchronize a DTS soundtrack. Finally, in the center, is the image, in this case compressed horizontally by Cinemascope.

35 mm film is the basic film format most commonly used for both still photography and motion pictures, and remains relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1889 by Thomas Edison. The photographic film is cut into strips 1 3/8 inches wide, with six perforations per inch along both edges. The format was initially called Edison size. The flattened perforations were introduced by Bell & Howell around 1900, which remain to this day for camera original film. Kodak-Standard perforations were introduced some ten years later for projection use.

A variation used by the Lumière Brothers used a single circular perforation in the centre of the film between frames.

The film format was introduced into still photography as early as 1913 (the Tourist Multiple) but first became popular with the launch of the Leica camera, created by Oskar Barnack. In normal still photography use, the film, with Kodak Standard perforations, is used horizontally, with each frame having an aspect ratio of 2:3, a size of 24 x 36 mm. See the 135 film section.

In the conventional motion picture format, frames are four perforations tall, with an aspect ratio of about 4:3. Still cameras in 35 mm and the VistaVision motion picture format use a horizontal frame with is eight perforations wide, resulting in a wider aspect ratio of 3:2 and greater detail, as more film area is used per frame.

The commonly used anamorphic widescreen format Cinemascope uses the conventional four-perf frame, but an anamorphic lens is used on both the camera and projector to produce a wider image, today with an aspect ratio of about 2.35. The image as stored on the film appears horizontally compressed.

Most films today are shot and projected using the 4-perforation format, but cropping the top and bottom of the frames for a medium aspect ratio of 1.85 or 1.67. In television production, where compatibility with an installed base of 35 mm film projectors is unnecessary, a 3-perf format is commonly used, giving the 16:9 ratio used by HDTV and reducing film usage by 25%.

When sound was introduced to the cinema, after some initial attempts at using synchronized record cylinders, etc., the sound started to be stored optically directly on the film. This analog soundtrack takes up a small strip to the left of the picture area. The film picture size of silent movies was 24 mm by 16 mm giving an aspect ratio of 3:2 or 1.5:1. After the introduction of sound, the width of the picture was reduced to 21.333mm to give an aspect ratio of 4/3 or 1.33:1 (known as standard or Academy ratio) by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. The flat (non-anamorphic) aspect ratio is presently 1.85:1.

New digital soundtracks introduced since the 1990s include Dolby Digital, which is stored in between the perforations; SDDS, stored in two strips along the outside edges (beyond the perforations), and DTS, where sound data is stored on a separate compact disc synchronized by a timecode track stored on the film just to the left of the analog soundtrack. Because all these soundtrack systems appear on different parts of the film, one movie can contain all of them and be played in the widest possible number of theaters.

Technical specifications

Areas on 35 mm film

Technical specifications for 35 mm film are standardized by SMPTE.

• 16 frames per foot (19 mm per frame)
• 1000 feet = about 11 minutes at 24 frame/s
• vertical pulldown
• 4 perforations per frame (except if using 3-perf for origination)

35 mm spherical

• 1.37 aspect ratio on camera negative; 1.85 and 1.66 are hard or soft matted over this
• camera aperture: 0.866 by 0.630 in (22 by 16 mm)
• projector aperture (full 1.37): 0.825 by 0.602 in (21 by 15 mm)
• projector aperture (1.66): 0.825 by 0.497 in (21 by 13 mm)
• projector aperture (1.85): 0.825 by 0.446 in (21 by 11 mm)
• TV station aperture: 0.816 by 0.612 in (21 by 16 mm)
• TV transmission: 0.792 by 0.594 in (20 by 15 mm)
• TV safe action: 0.713 by 0.535 in (18 by 14 mm); corner radii: 0.143 in (3.6 mm)
• TV safe titles: 0.630 by 0.475 in (16 by 12 mm); corner radii: 0.125 in (3.2 mm)

Super 35

• 1.33 aspect ratio on camera negative
• camera aperture: 0.980" by 0.735"
• picture used (35 mm anamorphic): 0.945" (24.00 mm) by 0.394" (10.00 mm)
• picture used (70 mm blowup): 0.945" (24.00 mm) by 0.430" (10.92 mm)
• picture used (35 mm flat 1.85): 0.945" (24.00 mm) by 0.511" (12.97 mm)

35mm anamorphic

• 2.40 aspect ratio, horizontal squeezed to fit 1.37 camera negative
• camera aperture: 0.866" (22.00 mm) by 0.732" (18.59 mm)
• projector aperture: 0.825" (20.96 mm) by 0.690" (17.53 mm)

See also

• 70 mm film
• Super 35 film
• 135 film (this is 35 mm film in a light resistant cassette for daylight loading)
• feet and frames
• 4-perf pulldown
• 3-perf pulldown
• 2-perf pulldown aka Techniscope
• neg cutting
• camera
• movie projector
• film formats

External links

• One Hundred Years of Film Sizes