Image and Writings
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Wikipedia-Article "Image"
- For other uses, see Image (disambiguation)
- For images in Wikipedia, see Wikipedia:Images.
See also: Photograph
In common usage, an image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact that reproduces the likeness of some subject—usually a physical object or a person.
Images may be two dimensional (e.g. a photograph) or three dimensional (e.g. a statue). They are typically produced by optical devices—such as a cameras, mirrors, lenses, telescopes, microscopes, etc. and natural objects and phenomena, such as the human eye or water surfaces.
The word image is also used in the broader sense of any two-dimensional figure or illustration, e.g. a map, a graph, a pie chart, an abstract painting, etc. In this wider sense, images can also be produced manually (by drawing, painting, carving, etc.), by computer graphics technology, or a combination of the two (see pseudo-photograph).
A volatile image is one that exists only for a short period of time, e.g. the reflection of an object by a mirror, a projection of the sun on a wall by a pinhole camera, or a scene displayed on a cathode ray tube. A fixed image, also called hardcopy, is one that has been recorded on a material object, such as paper or textile.
A mental image exists in someone's mind: something one remembers or imagines. The subject of an image need not be real; it may be an abstract concept, such as a graph or function—or an imaginary entity or being.
Specialised meanings
The word also has many specialized meanings in various disciplines and contexts:
- In geometric optics, a lens can produce a real image or a virtual image.
- In many other scientific and technical contexts, image usually means a two-dimensional signal—a physical phenomenon that can be modeled as a function from a two-dimensional domain (such as the plane or a rectangle) to some set of values, usually real numbers or vectors. This sense covers not only digital images but also analog ones, such as photographs. See image processing.
- In computer graphics and digital image processing, the word image almost always means digital image or, by extension, any computer description of an image, e.g. a raster map, an image file, or a 2D computer graphics model. For embedding an image in a webpage, see HTML element#Images. A number of standard test images are in use in the image processing literature which serve as a common test of various image processing algorithms.
- In computer science the word image can also mean an exact (bit-by-bit) copy of the contents of some device, such as a hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, semiconductor storage chip, etc. In particular,
- A core image (or core dump, from magnetic core memory, the predominant RAM technology of the 1960s) is a faithful copy of the data stored in the main memory of a computer or process.
- An executable image is a structured file containing machine instructions and data, which can be loaded into a process's virtual memory and executed. See kernel (computers).
- A ROM image is a copy of the contents of an entire ROM chip, typically a video game executable, which may then be stored on another medium (in the case of copyrighted games, this comes under the category of software piracy).
- In mathematics, an image of a function consist of the output values of the mathematical function.
- In finance, the image is a coefficient (stock image) that bridges a stock's fundamental value and its market price.
- In philosophy, an image is a conception or idea.
- In religion, an image is an idol or icon, although these terms have very specialised meanings within certain sects and should not be held as always synonymous.
- In social psychology an image is a representation.
- In marketing image is often used as shorthand for the perception that consumers have for a brand, its values and its benefits (often referred to as brand image).
- Image Comics is an American publisher of comic books.
- The IMAGE spacecraft currently observing the Earth's magnetosphere
See also
- optics
- imaging, photography, and digital imaging
- image processing
- digital camera
- graphical output device
- Wikipedia:Featured pictures
- Wikipedia:Image use policy
- Wikipedia:Image requests
- Wikimedia Commons free multimedia repository, that you can use directly in Wikipedia. You can upload new images or use the stored ones.
- Wikipedia:Extended image syntax (how to include images in Wikipedia pages).
- Category:Wikipedia image help pages.
External links
- "Chance Image" at The Dictionary of the History of Ideas
- Ithaki: Web search engine for images
- Irfanview 3.95: Free image viewing software
- Free website images
- Free Online Image Search and Edit
- Pictures free Download
- Filters : an open source library implementing image filters and image processing functions
Wikipedia-Article "Writings"
| Books of Ketuvim |
| Psalms |
| Proverbs |
| Job |
| Song of Solomon |
| Ruth |
| Lamentations |
| Ecclesiastes |
| Esther |
| Daniel |
| Ezra |
| Nehemiah |
| Chronicles |
Ketuvim is the third and final section of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible). The Hebrew word כתובים (ketuvim) means "writings." In English translations of the Hebrew Bible, this section is usually entitled "The Writings" or "Hagiographa."
In the Jewish textual tradition, Chronicles is counted as one book. Ezra and Nehemiah are also counted together as a single book called "Ezra." Thus, there are total of eleven books in the section called Ketuvim (see the enumeration in the list of books below).
Contents |
Special groups of books in Ketuvim
The three poetic books (Sifrei Emet)
Psalms, Proverbs, and Job employ a special system of cantillation notes appropriate to their poetic nature. In old masoretic manuscripts they are presented in a special form emphasizing the parallel stitches in the verses, also a function of their poetry. Collectively, these three books are known as, Sifrei Emet, (an acronym of the titles in Hebrew, איוב, משלי, תהלים yields Emet, אמ"ת ). Their special cantillation notes are called Ta`amei Emet.
The five scrolls (Hamesh Megillot)
The five relatively short books of Song of Songs, Book of Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes and Book of Esther are collectively known as the Hamesh Megillot (The Five Scrolls). These scrolls are traditionally read over the course of the year in many Jewish communities. The list below presents them in the order they are read in the synagogue on holidays, beginning with the Song of Songs on Passover.
The following list divides the books of Ketuvim into three subgroups based on the distinctiveness of Sifrei Emet and Hamesh Megillot.
Order of the books in Ketuvim
(as found in common printed editions)
Group I: The Three Poetic Books (Sifrei Emet)
- 1. Tehillim (Psalms) תהלים
- 2. Mishlei (Book of Proverbs) משלי
- 3. `Iyyov (Book of Job) איוב
Group II: The Five Scrolls (Hamesh Megillot)
- 4. Shir ha-Shirim (Song of Songs) שיר השירים (Passover)
- 5. Ruth (Book of Ruth) רות (Shavuot)
- 6. Eikhah (Lamentations) איכה (Ninth of Av) [Also called Kinnot in Hebrew.]
- 7. Kohelet (Ecclesiastes) קהלת (Sukkot)
- 8. Esther (Book of Esther) אסתר (Purim)
Group III: Other Historical Books
- 9. Daniel (Book of Daniel) דניאל
- 10. Ezra (Book of Ezra-Book of Nehemiah) עזרא
- 11. Divrei ha-Yamim (Chronicles) דברי הימים
Other ways to order the books
The order of the books in Ketuvim varies in manuscripts and printed editions. Some, for instance, place Chronicles first instead of last. The above list presents the books in the order found in most common printed versions of the Hebrew Bible today. Historically, this particular order of the books derives from manuscripts written by the Jews of Ashkenaz (medieval Germany).
The Jewish textual tradition never finalized the order of the books in Ketuvim. The Babylonian Talmud (Bava Batra 14b-15a) gives their order as follows: Ruth, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Lamentations, Daniel, Scroll of Esther, Ezra, Chronicles.
In Tiberian masoretic codices including the Aleppo Codex and the Leningrad Codex, and often in old Spanish manuscripts as well, the order or Ketuvim is as follows: Chronicles, Psalms, Job, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra.
Targum on books in Ketuvim
Briefly: Western targumim exist on Sifrei Emet and on the Five Megillot. Details to follow.