North America

World map showing North America

A satellite composite image of North America

North America is a continent in the northern hemisphere bordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean, on the east by the North Atlantic Ocean, on the south by the Caribbean Sea, and on the west by the North Pacific Ocean. It covers an area of about 24,500,000 km² (9,460,000 sq mi), or about 4.8% of the Earth's surface. As of July 2002, its population was estimated at more than 514,600,000. It is the third largest continent in area, after Asia and Africa, and is fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Both North and South America are named after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a previously undiscovered (by Europeans) New World.

North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World, the Western Hemisphere, the Americas, or simply America. North America's only land connection is to South America at the narrow Isthmus of Panama. (For geopolitical reasons, all of Panama – including the segment east of the Panama Canal in the isthmus – is often considered a part of North America alone.) According to some authorities, North America begins not at the Isthmus of Panama but at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with the intervening region called Central America and resting on the Caribbean Plate. Most, however, tend to see Central America as a region of North America, considering it too small to be a continent on its own. Greenland, although a part of North America geographically and on the same tectonic plate (the North American Plate), is not considered to be part of the continent politically.

Physical features

Sedimentary, volcanic, plutonic, metamorphic rock types of North America.

Plate tectonics recognizes the vast majority of North America as being the surface of the North American Plate. Parts of California and western Mexico are known for being the edge of the Pacific Plate, with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault.

The continent can be divided into four great regions (each of which contains many sub-regions): the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic; the geologically young, mountainous west, including the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, California and Alaska; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast; and the varied eastern region, which includes the Appalachian Mountains, the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard, and the Florida peninsula. Mexico, with its long plateaus and cordilleras, falls largely in the western region, although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf.

The western mountains are split in the middle, into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia with the Great Basin – a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts – in between. The highest peak is Denali in Alaska.

Since 1931, Rugby, North Dakota, has officially been recognized as being at the geographic center of North America. The location is marked by a 4.5 metre (15 foot) field stone obelisk.

North America bedrock and terrain.

North American cratons and basement rocks.

Tectonic elements of North America

North American craton.

Territories and regions

Political highlights of North America

On the main continent landmass, there are three large and relatively populous countries:

• Canada - many large islands off the shore of North America belong to Canada, including Vancouver Island and the Queen Charlotte Islands on the west, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island on the east, and the Canadian Arctic islands (including Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island, and Victoria Island) in the north
• Mexico - the Revillagigedo archipelago and numerous smaller islands off its coast belong to Mexico
• The United States - the 48 contiguous states and Alaska are part of North America, while the state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean is not; the Aleutian Islands south of Alaska also belong to the U.S.

At the southern end of the continent, in a relatively small area commonly known as Central America, are the countries of:

• Belize
• Costa Rica
• El Salvador
• Guatemala
• Honduras
• Nicaragua
• Panama ¹

At the southeastern end of the continent lies a chain of islands territories called the Antilles, the Caribbean or the West Indies, which include the countries:

• Antigua and Barbuda
• Bahamas
• Barbados
• Cuba
• Dominica
• Dominican Republic
• Grenada
• Haiti
• Jamaica
• Saint Kitts and Nevis
• Saint Lucia
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
• Trinidad and Tobago ¹

And the dependencies:

• Anguilla (British overseas territory)
• Aruba ² (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
• Cayman Islands (British overseas territory)
• Guadeloupe (French région d'outre-mer)
• Martinique (French région d'outre-mer)
• Montserrat (British overseas territory)
• Navassa Island (U.S. territory)
• Netherlands Antilles ¹ (part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands)
• Puerto Rico (U.S. commonwealth)
• Turks and Caicos Islands (British overseas territory)
• British Virgin Islands (British overseas territory)
• U.S. Virgin Islands (territory of the USA)

Lying in the Atlantic Ocean but considered part of the continent are the dependencies:

• Bermuda, a British overseas territory found about 1,072 km (670 mi.) southeast of New York City
• Greenland, the largest island in the world and a self-governing dependency of Denmark, which is located in the far north of the continent to the east of Nunavut.
• Saint Pierre and Miquelon, a French collectivité d'outre-mer off the south coast of Newfoundland, is the last of France's once vast possessions in America north of the Caribbean.

¹ These states and dependencies have territory both in North and South America.
² These dependencies lie in South America, but are considered North American because of cultural and historical reasons.
See here for details.

Usage

The United States, Canada, and the other English-speaking nations of the Americas (Belize, Guyana, and the Anglophone Caribbean) are sometimes grouped under the term Anglo-America, while the remaining nations of North and South America are grouped under the term Latin America.

Alternatively, Northern America is used to refer to Canada and the U.S. together (plus Greenland and Bermuda), while Central America is mainland North America south of the United States. The West Indies generally include all islands in the Caribbean Sea. In this respect, Latin America generally includes Central America and South America and, sometimes, the West Indies. The term Middle America is sometimes used to refer to Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean collectively.

The term "North America" may mean different things to different people. The term in common usage is often taken to mean "the United States and Canada, only" by some people of the United States and Canada, excluding Mexico and the countries of Central America, unless the context makes it clear that they are to be included (such as with specific reference to Mexico, when talking about NAFTA). For example, guides to wild flora and fauna published by the National Audubon Society for "North America" frequently include only species found in Canada and the U.S.

This may be attributed to the fact that culturally and economically, the U.S. and Canada are more alike to each other than they are to the rest of North America. Mexicans, however, are acutely aware that Mexico is a part of North America and object to this usage. Central Americans, however, are generally content to be called Central Americans – largely because of their shared history, which includes several attempts at supranational integration in the region and in which Mexico, their much larger northern neighbor, was never involved.

Table of territories and regions

Name of territory, with flag	Region[1]	Area (km²)	Population (1 July 2002 est.)	Population density (per km²)	Capital
Anguilla (UK)	Caribbean	102	13,254	129.9	The Valley
Antigua and Barbuda	Caribbean	443	68,722	155.1	St. John's
Aruba (Netherlands)[2]	Caribbean	193	71,566	370.8	Oranjestad
Bahamas	Caribbean	13,940	301,790	21.6	Nassau
Barbados	Caribbean	431	279,254	647.9	Bridgetown
Belize	Central America	22,966	279,457	12.2	Belmopan
Bermuda (UK)	Northern America	53	65,365	1,233.3	Hamilton
British Virgin Islands (UK)	Caribbean	153	22,643	148.0	Road Town
Canada	Northern America	9,984,670	32,805,041	3.3	Ottawa
Cayman Islands (UK)	Caribbean	262	44,270	169.0	George Town
Costa Rica	Central America	51,100	4,016,173	78.6	San José
Cuba	Caribbean	110,860	11,346,670	102.4	Havana
Dominica	Caribbean	754	69,029	91.6	Roseau
Dominican Republic	Caribbean	48,730	8,950,034	183.7	Santo Domingo
El Salvador	Central America	21,040	6,704,932	318.7	San Salvador
Greenland (Denmark)	Northern America	2,166,086	56,375	0.026	Nuuk
Grenada	Caribbean	344	89,502	260.2	St. George's
Guadeloupe (France)	Caribbean	1,780	448,713	252.1	Basse-Terre
Guatemala	Central America	108,890	14,655,189	134.6	Guatemala City
Haiti	Caribbean	27,750	8,121,622	292.7	Port-au-Prince
Honduras	Central America	112,090	6,975,204	62.2	Tegucigalpa
Jamaica	Caribbean	10,991	2,731,832	248.6	Kingston
Martinique (France)	Caribbean	1,100	432,900	393.5	Fort-de-France
Mexico	Central America	1,972,550	106,202,903	53.8	Mexico City
Montserrat (UK)	Caribbean	102	9,341	91.6	Plymouth; Brades[3]
Navassa Island (USA)	Caribbean	5	—	—	—
Netherlands Antilles (Netherlands)[4]	Caribbean	960	219,958	229.1	Willemstad
Nicaragua	Central America	129,494	5,465,100	42.2	Managua
Panama[5]	Central America	78,200	3,039,150	38.9	Panama City
Puerto Rico (USA)	Caribbean	9,104	3,916,632	430.2	San Juan
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Caribbean	261	38,958	149.3	Basseterre
Saint Lucia	Caribbean	616	166,312	270.0	Castries
Saint-Pierre and Miquelon (France)	Northern America	242	7,012	29.0	Saint-Pierre
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Caribbean	389	117,534	302.1	Kingstown
Trinidad and Tobago[6]	Caribbean	5,128	1,088,644	212.3	Port-of-Spain
Turks and Caicos Islands (UK)	Caribbean	430	20,556	47.8	Cockburn Town
United States[7]	Northern America	9,629,091	295,734,134	30.7	Washington
U.S. Virgin Islands (USA)	Caribbean	352	108,708	308.8	Charlotte Amalie
Total		24,506,524	514,684,479	21.0

Notes:

1. ^  Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map.
   
2. ^ , 4.–6.   Depending on definitions, Aruba, Netherlands Antilles, Panama, and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in one or both of North and South America.
   
3. ^  Due to ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning 1995, much of Plymouth, Montserrat's de jure capital, was destroyed and government offices relocated to Brades.

7. ^  Includes the US sta