Peafowl
Webpages concerning "Peafowl"
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Wikipedia-Article "Peafowl"
- Peacock re-directs here; for alternate uses see Peacock (disambiguation).
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 An Indian Peacock displaying. |
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Pavo cristatus |
The peafowl consist of three species of bird in the genera Pavo and Afropavo of the pheasant family, Phasianidae. They are most notable for the male's extravagant tail, a result of sexual selection, which it displays as part of courtship. The male is called a peacock, the female a peahen. In common English usage, however, "peacock" is used to mean either gender of peafowl.
The extant species are:
- Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus
- Green Peafowl, Pavo muticus
- Congo Peafowl, Afropavo congolensis
A fossil species from California is:
- Parapavo californicus
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Overview
The typical Asiatic peafowl belonging to the genus Pavo and include the familiar Indian Peafowl, Pavo cristatus and the poorly known Dragonbirds or Green Peafowl Pavo muticus.
Some taxonomists believe that the endangered Green Peafowl is actually a complex of five distinct species although they are currently treated as one species with three subspecies. The Javanese Green Peafowl, Pavo muticus javanensis is an endemic found on the island of Java. The extinct Malay or Pahang Peafowl Pavo muticus muticus was earlier thought to be introduced by humans from Java, however, fossils from the the Pliocene epoch rules this out. Northern Yunnan is the home of one of the most distinctive form of Green Peafowl, The Yunnan Dragonbird Pavo muticus yunnanensis. The Arakan Dragonbird Pavo muticus spicifer was once native to Northern Western Myanmar, Southern Tibet and Assam. The Indo-Chinese or Siamese Dragonbird Pavo muticus imperator was once native to South East Myanmar and Thailand. The Annametic Dragonbird Pavo muticus annamensis inhabited the broadleaf evergreen forests of Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Southern Yunnan China.
The Congo Peafowl is found in parts of Central Africa.
The Indian Peafowl is the national bird of Sri Lanka and India. The Green Peafowl breeds from Myanmar east to Java. The IUCN lists the Green Peafowl as vulnerable to extinction due to hunting and a reduction in extent and quality of habitat. The two Pavo species will hybridize.
The peafowl are forest birds that nest on the ground. The Pavo peafowl are terrestrial feeders, but roost in trees. They are weak fliers.
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Food
Peafowl are omnivorous and consume plant parts, flower petals and seed heads, insects and other arthropods as well as reptiles and amphibians. Venomous snakes are killed by agitating the reptiles until exhaustion. The kicking thorns or metatarsal spurs are used only for defense against predators.
Habitat
Asiatic peafowl like the Indian Peafowl and especially the Dragonbirds or Green Peafowls, occupy a similar niche as the Roadrunner, Secretary Bird and Seriama. All of these birds hunt for small animals, minnows, and arthropods on the ground, in shallow streams and frequently in tall grass habitats. Small snakes and other reptiles are the preferred diet of wild peafowl.
Peafowls inhabit tropical savannah and riparian forests where they hunt for small animals in close social units of related birds that may span many generations.
Plumage
The male (peacock) has beautiful iridescent blue-green or green coloured plumage. His tail feathers have a series of eyes that are best seen when the tail is fanned. Both species have a head crest.
The female (peahen) has a mixture of dull green, brown and grey in her plumage. She lacks the long tail of the male, but has a crest.
Females can also display their plumage, to ward off danger to her young, or other female competition.
Many of the brilliant colors of the peacock plumage are due to an optical interference phenomenon (Bragg reflection) based on (nearly) periodic nanostructures found in the barbules (fiber-like components) of the feathers.
Different colors correspond to different length scales of the periodic structures. For brown feathers, a mixture of red and blue is required—one color is created by the periodic structure, while the other is a created by a Fabry-Perot interference peak from reflections off the outermost and innermost boundaries of the periodic structure.
Such interference-based structural color is especially important in producing the peacock's iridescent hues (which shimmer and change with viewing angle), since interference effects depend upon the angle of light, unlike chemical pigments.
In captivity, the peafowl has produced many plumage colour variations. Those are mutations that have been secured by selective breeding. They included: white bodied, barred winged, white eyed, pied, cameo, charcoal, bronze, opal, peach, midnight, purple, and any combination of these variations.
Behaviour
Peafowl are considered to be polygynous. However in captivity, Green Peafowl and African Peafowl are monogamous, with males assisting in nest defense, chick rearing, and chick brooding. The male's bond with offspring may extend indefinitely. First year chicks that have been weaned by their mothers generally join their father's social unit to forage and rest.
In Green Peafowl, it is impossible to distinguish juvenile and subadult green peafowls from their mothers and hence their polygynous nature is hard to establish. There is some anectodotal evidence suggesting that Green Peafowl may have very complex social lives that may include the adoption of one and two year old juveniles by their three and four year old sub-adult siblings.
Peafowl are unusual amongst the Galliformes in their capacity for sustained flight. All known genera of the peafowl family exhibit complex flight displays. Each race of the Green Peafowl has its own respective wing shape and flight display behavior. Green Peafowls in Java are often observed flying out to sea where the birds gather on islets some miles from shore.
African Peafowl have unusually large wings in relation to their weight. The wings have a highly unusual shape as well. The African Peafowl or Afropavo wing is prominently marked in both sexes in striking patterns and colours.
All known species of peafowl perch on emergent trees that stand above the canopy. Chicks of Indian Peafowl are sometimes carried on the backs of the parent birds as they fly into the security of a tree to roost.
Courtship
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Peafowl are capable of reproducing at the age of 2. Peacocks do not reach full maturity until one year later. At the age of 2, the feathers are not fully developed in length and density. While peacocks at that age are physiologically able to mate with peahens, they have very little chance of competing with older peacocks with larger feathers. At the age of 3, Peacocks' feathers reach maximum length for their lives, other than when they molt in the late summer.
Mating season starts in the early spring and ends in the early autumn. The peacock's courtship rituals include the display of its startling plumage and a loud call, the male's call sounds similar to an overemphasized cats "meow", whereas the female's call sounds similar to a dogs "arf" bark. Other peacocks have different calls as heard in this Indian Peacock video (491KB in MPEG-4 format). The peacock shakes his feathers in the direction of a peahen in close proximity to gather her attention. Peacocks are polygamous - they can mate with 4 or 5 peahens in a mating season, although they can be happy with one.
If successful in mating, the peahen will lay an average of 4 to 7 eggs, which hatch after 28 to 30 days.
See also
External Links and References
- Steven K. Blau (Jan. 2004), “Light as a Feather: Structural Elements Give Peacock Plumes Their Color”, Physics Today 57 (1), 18–20.
- World Birds Taxonomic List as of 2003-02-21
- Peafowl Variants Database
- Peafowl Today Knowledge Base
- Peacockshock Popular blog of UK writer and broadcaster Ian Peacock, with occasional peacock trivia articles
- Peacocks Swarm Couple's Florida Home - Feral peafowls became pests for one Florida couple in 2005
- Website about the Peacock-Island in Germany (near Berlin)
- Kimball, R.T, Braun, E.L. and J. D. Ligon (1997) Resolution of the phylogenetic position of the Congo peafowl, Afropavo congensis: a biogeographic and evolutionary enigma. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 264:1517-1523