Shields and Shielding

This article is about the defensive device. For other meanings of the word see shield (disambiguation)

Statue showing a Gallic shield with a butterfly boss.

A shield is a protective device, meant to intercept attacks. The term often refers to a device that is held in the hand, as opposed to armour or a bullet proof vest.
The oldest form of shield was a protection used to block attacks by hand weapons and missiles. Shields have varied greatly in construction over time and place. Sometimes shields were made of metal, but wood or animal hide construction was very much more common; wicker and even turtle shells have been used. Many surviving examples of metal shields are generally felt to be ceremonial rather than practical, for example the Yetholm-type shields of the bronze age or the iron age Battersea shield.

Size and weight varied greatly, lightly armoured warriors relying on speed and surprise would generally carry light shields that were either small or thin. Heavy troops might be equipped with large heavy shields that could protect most of the body. Many had a strap called a guige that allowed it to be slung over the users back when not in use or on horseback. Ancient Greek hoplites used a round, bowl-shaped wooden shield called an aspis. Free standing shields called pavises were used by medieval crossbowmen who needed protection while reloading.

The heavily armoured Roman legionaries carried large rectangular shields (scuta) that could provide far more protection, but made swift movement more difficult. Famously the Romans used their shields to create a tortoise-like formation called a testudo in which entire groups of soldiers would be enclosed in an armoured box.

Many ancient shield designs featured incuts of one sort of another. This was done to accommodate the shaft of a spear thus facilitating tactics requiring the soldiers to stand close together forming a wall of shields.

In the early European Middle Ages there were so-called kite shields; these were rounded at the top and tapered at the bottom. They were easily used on horseback and allowed easier leg movement when dismounted. As personal body armour improved, knight's shields became smaller, leading to the familiar "heater" style. Both kite and heater style shields were made of several layers of laminated wood, with a gentle curve in cross section. The heater style inspired the shape of the heraldic shield that is still used today. Eventually, specialised shapes were developed such as the bouche — which had a lance rest cut into the upper corner of the lance side, to help guide it in combat or tournament.

In time, some armoured foot knights gave up shields entirely in favour of mobility and two-handed weapons. Other knights and common soldiers adopted the buckler. The buckler is a small round shield, typically between 8 and 16 inches in diameter. The buckler was one of very few types of shield that was commonly made of metal. Small and light, the buckler was easily carried by being hung from a belt; it gave little protection from missiles and was reserved for hand-to-hand combat. The buckler continued in use well into the 16th century.

Shields continued in use even after gunpowder powered weapons made them nearly obsolete in the battlefield. In the 18th century, the Scottish clans used a small, heavy, round shield called a targe that was partially effective against the firearms of the time.

Nias Ceremonial Shield

In the 19th century, non-industrial cultures with little access to guns were still using shields. Zulu warriors carried large lightweight shields made from a single ox hide supported by a wooden spine, these were called Ishlangu. Zulu warrior This was used in combination with a short spear (assegai) and/or club.

Shields for protection from armed attack are still used by many police forces around the world. These modern shields are usually intended for two broadly distinct purposes.

The first type are used for "riot control" and can be made from metal or synthetics, such as Lexan or Mylar. These typically offer protection from relatively large and low velocity projectiles, such as rocks and bottles as well as blows from fists or clubs.

The second type of modern police shield is typically manufactured from advanced synthetics such as kevlar and are designed to be bullet proof, or at least bullet resistant. These are typically employed by specialist police, such as "SWAT" teams in high risk entry and siege scenarios, but are also used on a daily basis in many areas of the US.

Many non-martial devices also employ shields. Space craft have heat shields to ensure a safe re-entry. Electronics uses shielding to reduce electrical noise and crosstalk between signals. People and systems that must work in the presence of ionizing radiation are protected with shielding.

Science fiction writers have imagined many futuristic shields, usually using force fields. These include personal shields, as in the Dune series, or larger ones for spacecraft as in Star Trek. See shield (science fiction) for more.

References

• Notes on Ancient Shields and Highland Targets, JAMES DRUMMOND, Archaeologica Scotica Vol 5 (1890).

Look up shield in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Shield can mean:

• Shield, a hand-held protective device, meant to intercept attacks
• Riot Shield Used by police forces around the world for crowd control purposes
• Shield (electronics) reduces electromagnetic coupling
• Shield (heraldry), the principal portion of a coat of arms
• Shield (geology), a Precambrian rock mass at the centre of a continent
• Deflector shield, a protective energy field
• Shields (Star Trek), a protective energy field
• S.H.I.E.L.D., a fictional agency headed by director Nick Fury, in Marvel comics
• Shield's (restaurant), in Detroit
• Heat shield on a spacecraft or ballistic missile
• Human shield, the use of civilians to deter an attack in warfare
• Radiation shield
• Shielding effect in chemistry is a reduction in the effective nuclear charge
• The Shield, a U.S. television Police drama
• The Shield (Archie), a 1940s comic book character from MLJ; the first war-time "patriotic hero"
• Car shield
• Tunnelling shield, used in excavation through soft soil
• Shield is North American slang for a police officer's badge
• A shield often bears a road number, on a map or information sign
• Shielding is a term used informally within some online communities to describe methods used by empathic individuals to protect themselves from emotional overwhelm and over-stimulation caused by proximity to other people.