Gauges and Meters [2]

The term Gauge is commonly used to measure thickness:

• a scale for the diameter of a wire, e.g. American wire gauge. See also Category:Wire gauges
• In Metallurgy, the thickness of a sheet of metal.

Other uses of Gauge:

• Gauge (engineering), any of a variety of measurement devices.
• Gauge blocks, precision measuring standards (Johansson or slip gauges).
• Boost gauge, a gauge used in conjunction with turbo- super-chargers.
• Gauge (porn star), the stage name of an actress in adult films.
• Gauge (knitting), the number of stitches in a given length.
• Gauge (mathematics), a semi norm, a concept related to convex sets.
• Gauge (shotgun), the caliber of the gun barrel.

• Gauge transformation, a member of a group of mathematical mappings used in physics. Also:
  • Gauge boson
  • Gauge theory
  • Lattice gauge theory
  • Quantum gauge theory
  • Gauge fixing
• Rail gauge, the distance between the two rails forming a railroad track. Also:
  • Standard gauge
  • Narrow gauge
  • Broad gauge
  • Loading gauge
  • standard scales used in model railroading. See also Category:Model railroad scales

See also:

• Gage

This article is about the unit of length. For other uses of metre or meter, see meter (disambiguation).

The metre (Commonwealth English) or meter (American English) (symbol: m) is the SI base unit of length. It is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of 1/299,792,458 of a second.

Adding SI prefixes to metre creates multiples and submultiples; for example kilometre (1000 metres; kilo- = 1000) and millimetre (one thousandth of a metre; milli- = 1 / 1 000).

SI prefixes applied to the metre

The metre may be used with some SI prefixes.

Conversions

1 metre is equivalent to:

• exactly 1/0.9144 yards (approximately 1.0936 yards)
• exactly 1/0.3048 feet (approximately 3.2808 feet)
• exactly 10000/254 inches (approximately 39.370 inches)

History

The word metre is from the Greek metron (μετρον), "a measure" via the French mètre. Its first recorded usage in English is from 1797.

In the 18th century, there were two favoured approaches to the definition of the standard unit of length. One suggested defining the metre as the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second. The other suggested defining the metre as one ten-millionth of the length of the earth's meridian along a quadrant (one-fourth the polar circumference of the earth). In 1791, the French Academy of Sciences selected the meridional definition over the pendular definition because of the slight variation of the force of gravity over the surface of the earth, which affects the period of a pendulum. In 1793, France adopted the metre, with this definition, as its official unit of length. Although it was later determined that the first prototype metre bar was short by a fifth of a millimetre due to miscalculation of the flattening of the earth, this length became the standard. So, the circumference of the Earth through the poles is approximately forty million metres.

International Prototype Metre standard bar made of platinum-iridium. This was the standard until 1960, when the new SI system used a krypton-spectrum measurement as the base. In 1983 the current metre was defined by a relationship to the speed of light in a vacuum.

In the 1870s and in light of modern precision, a series of international conferences were held to devise new metric standards. The Metre Convention (Convention du Mètre) of 1875 mandated the establishment of a permanent International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures) to be located in Sèvres, France. This new organisation would preserve the new prototype metre and kilogram when constructed, distribute national metric prototypes, and would maintain comparisons between them and non-metric measurement standards. This organisation created a new prototype bar in 1889 at the first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM: Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures), establishing the International Prototype Metre as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of ninety percent platinum and ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.

In 1893, the standard metre was first measured with an interferometer by Albert A. Michelson, the inventor of the device and an advocate of using some particular wavelength of light as a standard of distance. By 1925, interferometry was in regular use at the BIPM. However, the International Prototype Metre remained the standard until 1960, when the eleventh CGPM defined the metre in the new SI system as equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum. The original international prototype of the metre is still kept at the BIPM under the conditions specified in 1889.

To further reduce uncertainty, the seventeenth CGPM of 1983 replaced the definition of the metre with its current definition, thus fixing the length of the metre in terms of time and the speed of light:

The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

Note that this definition exactly fixes the speed of light in a vacuum at 299,792,458 metres per second. Definitions based on the physical properties of light are more precise and reproducible because the properties of light are considered to be universally constant.

Timeline of definition

• 1790 May 8 — The French National Assembly decides that the length of the new metre would be equal to the length of a pendulum with a half-period of one second.

• 1791 March 30 — The French National Assembly accepts the proposal by the French Academy of Sciences that the new definition for the metre be equal to one ten-millionth of the length of the earth's meridian along a quadrant (one-fourth the polar circumference of the earth).

• 1795 — Provisional metre bar constructed of brass.

• 1799 December 10 — The French National Assembly specifies that the platinum metre bar, constructed on 23 June 1799 and deposited in the National Archives, as the final standard.

• 1889 September 28 — The first CGPM defines the length as the distance between two lines on a standard bar of an alloy of platinum with ten percent iridium, measured at the melting point of ice.

• 1927 October 6 — The seventh CGPM adjusts the definition of the length to be the distance, at 0 °C, between the axes of the two central lines marked on the prototype bar of platinum-iridium, this bar being subject to one standard atmosphere of pressure and supported on two cylinders of at least one centimetre diameter, symmetrically placed in the same horizontal plane at a distance of 571 millimetres from each other.

• 1960 October 20 — The eleventh CGPM defines the length to be equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the 2p¹⁰ and 5d⁵ quantum levels of the krypton-86 atom.

• 1983 October 21 — The seventeenth CGPM defines the length to be distance travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.

See also

• Metric system
• SI
• SI prefix
• Conversion of units for comparisons with other units
• Orders of magnitude (length)
• Speed of light

External links

• Length Converter - convert metre to other units, such as yard, mile, and so on

• History of the metre at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
• Timeline of history of the metre at the NIST
• Bureau International des Poids et Measures - Lengths