Machinery and Equipment [2]

For other uses of the term Machine, see Machine (disambiguation)

Wind turbines

A machine is any mechanical or organic device that transmits or modifies energy to perform or assist in the performance of tasks. It normally requires some energy source ("input") and accomplishes some sort of work.

People have used mechanisms and machines to amplify their abilities since before written records were available. Generally these devices decrease the amount of force required to do a given amount of work, alter the direction of the force, or transform one form of motion or energy into another.

The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is the ratio between the force it exerts on the load and the input force applied. This does not entirely describe the machine's performance, as force is required to overcome friction as well. The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the actual mechanical advantage (AMA) to the ideal mechanical advantage (IMA). Functioning physical machines are always less than 100% efficient.

Modern power tools, automated machine tools, and human-operated power machinery complicate the definition of "machine" greatly. Machines used to transform heat or other energy into mechanical energy are known as engines.

Simple machines or mechanical components

• Gear
• Lever
• Pulley
• Wedge
• Spring
• Wheel and Axle
• Bearings
• Belts
• Seals
• Chains

Clock

• Atomic clock
• chronometer
• Pendulum clock
• Quartz clock

Compressors and Pumps

• Archimedes screw
• Eductor-jet pump
• Hydraulic ram
• Tuyau
• Vacuum pump

Internal combustion engine

• Gasoline engine
• Diesel engine
• Four-stroke cycle
• Two-stroke cycle
• Wankel engine

External combustion engine

• Steam engine
• Stirling engine

Linkages

• Pantograph
• Peaucellier-Lipkin

Turbine

• Gas turbine
• Jet engine
• Steam turbine
• Water turbine
• Wind generator, Windmill (Air turbine)

Airfoil

• Sail
• Wing
• Rudder
• Flap
• Damper
• Propeller

Rocket

Computing machines

• Calculator
• Analog computer
  • Wind tunnel
• Digital computer
• Turing machine

Automated machines

Biological machines

• Virus, Bacterium
• Cell (biology)
• Plant and animal
• Human being
• The mind - controversially

For other uses, see Tool (disambiguation).

A modern hammer is directly descended from ancient hand tools

A tool is a device that provides a mechanical or mental advantage in accomplishing a simple machine, or a combination of them. For example, a crowbar simply functions as a lever. The further out from the pivot point, the more force is transmitted along the lever.

Philosophers once thought that only humans used tools, and often defined humans as tool-using animals. But observation has confirmed that monkeys and other animals, mostly primates, but also some birds (ravens, for instance), and sea otters can use tools as well. Later, philosophers thought that only humans had the ability to make tools, until zoologists observed birds[1] and monkeys[2][3][4] making tools. Most anthropologists believe that the use of tools was an important step in the evolution of mankind. Humans evolved an opposable thumb (useful to hold the tools) and an increase in intelligence (aiding in the use of tools).

Most tools can also serve as weapons, such as the hammer and the knife. Similarly, people can use weapons, such as explosives, as tools.

Varieties of tools

• Devices often typify newly invented or specific-purpose tools.
• Instruments are concrete or abstract tools, especially if they are refined.
• Utensils aid in eating.
• Machines can function as ordered systems of tools or as super-tools.

Physical tools

• Hand tools such as pliers, adze, or axe
• Agricultural tools such as scythe or sickle
• Power tools such as drill or wood router
• Machine tools such as lathe, milling machine or shaping machine
• Hydraulic tools such as the Hurst tool or hydraulic ram
• Heat-based tools such as soldering iron, welding torch and thermic lance
• Eating utensils such as chopsticks, fork, knife, or spoon
• Writing instruments such as ballpoint pen​ ​​or pencil
• Special use tools such as Buggy whip or whetstone
• Multitools such as Swiss Army knife or Leatherman

Toy tools make popular playthings. Some simply consist of a cheap or small version of the real thing, such as a shovel and bucket to use on the beach or in a sandbox. Others are less functional, e.g. a dull plastic knife, or not functional at all.

Mental tools

• Language
• Logic
• Tradition
• Algorithms
• Memorization, such as being mindful that physical tools may be recalled from a list

In computing, the term \"tools\" can also apply to software programs that assist people doing work on computers, such as Computer Aided Software Engineering tools, Lint programming tool, software or web-based collaborative tools, software development tools, programming tools.

Slang Usage

Stemming from a double-entendre where a "tool" is a phallus; this became a popular word in the 1990's. Individuals may be described as "tools", as an insult meaning that someone is a klutz or easily taken advantage of.

Functions of tools

Many tools or groups of tools serve to perform one or more of a set of basic operations, such as:

• Cutting (knife, scythe, sickle, ...)
• Concentrating force (hammer, maul, screwdriver, whip, writing implements, ...)
• Guiding (set square, algorithm, straight edge, tradition, ...)
• Protecting
• Seizing and holding (pliers, glove, wrench, ...)

History

It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with History of technology. (Discuss)

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Tool

Use of tools started at the beginning of the Stone age. Humans have fabricated knives, amongst the oldest tools, since that time.

Mechanical devices, though known to Alexandrian Greeks, experienced a major expansion in their use in the Middle Ages with the systematic employment of new energy sources: water (waterwheels) and wind (windmills).

Machine tools occasioned a surge in producing new tools in the Industrial revolution. Advocates of nanotechnology expect a similar surge as tools move down-scale.

WikiProject Metalworking: This article is part of Metalworking hand tools.