Pharmacy
Webpages concerning "Pharmacy"
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Wikipedia-Article "Pharmacy"
- For other uses, see Pharmacy (disambiguation).
Pharmacy (from the Greek φάρμακον = drug) is the profession charged with assuring the safe use of medication. Traditionally, pharmacists compounded and dispensed medications on the orders of physicians. More recently, the term has come to include other services related to patient care including clinical practice, medication review, and drug information. Some of these new roles are now mandated by law in various legislatures. Pharmacists, therefore, are drug therapy experts and the primary health professionals who optimize medication management to produce positive health-outcomes.
The symbols most commonly associated with pharmacy are the mortar and pestle and the ℞ (recipere) character. Pharmacy organisations often employ other elements such as the Bowl of Hygieia, conical measures, and caduceuses in their logos. Other symbols are common in different countries such as the green Greek cross in France and Great Britain, and the Gaper in The Netherlands.
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Disciplines
The field of Pharmacy can generally be divided into three main disciplines:
The boundaries between these disciplines and indeed with other sciences, such as biochemistry, are not always clear-cut; and often collaborative teams from various disciplines research together.
Pharmacology is sometimes considered a fourth discipline of pharmacy. Although pharmacology is essential to the study of pharmacy, it is not specific to pharmacy. Therefore it is usually considered to be a field of the broader sciences.
There are various specialties of pharmacy practice. Some specialisation is based on the place of practice including: community, hospital, consultant, locum, drug information, regulatory affairs, industry, and academia. Other specialisations are based on clinical roles including: nuclear, oncology, cardiovascular, infectious disease, diabetes, nutrition, geriatric, and psychiatric pharmacy.
Pharmacists
- Main article: Pharmacist
Pharmacists are highly-trained and skilled healthcare professionals who perform various roles to ensure optimal health outcomes for their patients. Pharmacists are also often small-business owners, owning the pharmacy in which they practice. This unique dichotomy is often the subject of debate within the profession—in part due to the perception of pharmacists as "common shopkeepers" by many in the community.
Pharmacists are represented internationally by the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). They are represented at the national level by professional organisations such as the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB), the Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA) and American Pharmacists Association (APhA).
Separation of prescribing from dispensing
In most jurisdictions (such as the United States), pharmacists are regulated separately from physicians. That is, the legislation stipulates that the practice of prescribing must be separate from the practice of dispensing. These jurisdictions also usually specify that only pharmacists may supply scheduled pharmaceuticals to the public, and that pharmacists cannot form business partnerships with physicians or give them "kickback" payments.
In the minority of jurisdictions (such as China), doctors are allowed to dispense drugs themselves and the practice of pharmacy is integrated with that of the physician.
The reason for the majority rule is the high risk of a conflict of interest. Otherwise, the physician has a financial self-interest in "diagnosing" as many conditions as possible, and in exaggerating their seriousness, because he can then sell more medications to the patient. Such self-interest directly conflicts with the patient's interest in obtaining cost-effective medication.
Community Pharmacy
A pharmacy (commonly the chemist; or drugstore in the U.S.; or Apothecary, historically) is the place where most pharmacists practice the profession of pharmacy. It is community pharmacy where the dichotomy of the profession exists—health professionals who are also retailers.
Community pharmacies usually consist of a retail storefront, with a dispensary where medications are stored and dispensed. The dispensary is subject to pharmacy legislation; with requirements for storage conditions, compulsory texts, equipment, etc., specified in legislation. Where it was once the case that pharmacists stayed within the dispensary compounded/dispensed medications; there has been an increasing trend towards the use of trained pharmacy technicians while the pharmacist spends more time communicating with patients.
There is a requirement that all pharmacies must have a pharmacist on-duty at all times it is open. In many jurisdictions it is also a requirement that the owner of a pharmacy must be a registered pharmacist. This latter requirement has been revoked in many jurisdictions, such that many retailers (including grocery stores and mass merchandisers) now include a pharmacy as department of their store.
Hospital Pharmacy
In much the same way that hospital pharmacists have different roles to community pharmacists, hospital pharmacies have different roles to community pharmacies. Some pharmacists in hospital pharmacies may have more complex clinical medication management issues whereas pharmacists in community pharmacies often have more complex business and customer relations issues.
Unlike community pharmacies, which are usually independently owned, hospital pharmacies can usually be found within the premises of the hospital. Hospital pharmacies usually stock a larger range of medications, including more specialized medications, than would be feasible in the community setting. Traditionally, hospital pharmacies have also prepared various injectable preparations such as saline, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), and other drug infusions; but there has been a trend to outsource these functions to specialised pharmaceutical companies.
The future of pharmacy
In the coming decades pharmacists will become more integral parts of the health care system. Rather than simply a dispenser of medication, pharmacists will be paid for their cognitive skills. This paradigm shift has already commenced in some countries, for instance pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. Many universities are altering their programs to increase emphasise in fields such as pharmacotherapeutics, clinical pharmacy, nuclear pharmacy, disease state management, etc. In Great Britain pharmacists (and nurses) who undertake additional training are being given prescribing rights.
See also
External links
Professional Organisations
- American Society of Medication Safety Officers (ASMSO)
- International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP)
- American Pharmacists Association (APhA)
- American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP)
- Pharmaceutical Society of Australia (PSA)
- Pharmaceutical Society of New Zealand (PSNZ)
- Pharmacy Guild of Australia (PGA)
- Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (RPSGB)
- Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA)
- European Association of Hospital Pharmacists (EAHP)
- European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP)
- Pharmaceutical Society of Singapore (PSS)
- Malaysian Pharmaceutical Society (MPS)
- Canadian Pharmacists Association (CPA)
Regulatory
- National Association of Boards of Pharmacy
- Pharmacy Board of New South Wales
- Pharmacy Board of Victoria (Australia)
History and traditions
- Navigator History of Pharmacy Collection of internet ressources related to the history of pharmacy.
- RPSGB Museum Information Sheets Illustrated information sheets on objects in the history of pharmacy.
- History of Pharmacy Web Pages Perbo´s History of Pharmacy Web Pages.
Other
- Pharmacist.com Portal site for pharmacists and pharmacy students.
- The Virtual Library of Pharmacy Extensive index of pharmacy-related resources, including information on careers in pharmacy, pharmacy schools, pharmaceuticaul companies, associations and conferences.
- Pharmacy News Pharmacy news and news in the pharmaceutical industry
- Chemical Biology - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Resource devoted to drug discovery and chemical and pharmacological approaches to biology, biomedicine and biotechnology.
- Museu da Farmácia, Lisboa(Pharmacy Museum)
- auspharm.net.au the portal for pharmacists practising in Australia, providing useful links, a discussion list, and feature articles