Lawn and Garden
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Wikipedia-Article "Lawn"
- For other uses, see Lawn (disambiguation).
A lawn is an area of land planted with grass and sometimes clover and other plants, which are maintained at an even low height.
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Usage
Lawns are a standard or essential feature of ornamental private and public gardens and landscapes in much of the world today. Lawns are created for aesthetic use in gardens, and for recreational use, including sports. They are typically planted near homes, often as part of gardens, and are also used in other ornamental landscapes and gardens.
Lawns are also a common feature of public parks and other spaces. They form the playing surface for many outdoor sports including golf, tennis, football, soccer, bowling. In sports venues, the term lawn is usually replaced by turf or green.
Maintenance, construction, and management of lawns of various kinds is the focus of much of the modern horticulture industry.
History
Before the invention of mowing machines in 1830, lawns were managed differently from today. Lawns belonging to wealthy people were sometimes maintained by the labour-intensive methods of scything and shearing. In most cases however, they were pasture land, maintained by grazing with sheep or other livestock. Areas of grass grazed regularly by rabbits, horses or sheep over a long period can form a very low, tight sward which is similar to a modern lawn. This was the original meaning of the word 'lawn', and the term can still be found in place-names. Some forest areas where extensive grazing is practiced still have these semi-natural lawns. For example, in the New Forest, England, such grazed areas still occur commonly and are still called lawns, for example Balmer Lawn.
Lawns became popular in Europe from the Middle Ages onward. The early lawns were not always distinguishable from pasture fields. It is thought that the associations with pasture and the biblical connotations of this word made them attractive culturally. By contrast, they are little known or used in this form in other traditions of gardening. In addition, the damp climate of maritime Western Europe made them easier to grow and manage than in other lands.
Lawns do not have to be, and have not always been of grass. Other possible plants for fine lawns in the right conditions, are camomile and thyme. Some lawns, if grown in difficult conditions for grasses, become dominated by whatever weeds can survive there; these include clovers in dry conditions, and moss in damp shady conditions.
Maintenance
Maintaining a rough lawn requires only occasional cutting with a suitable machine, or grazing by animals.
Higher quality lawns however require a number of operations. These may include:
- mowing, to cut the grass regularly to an even height
- scarifying and raking, to remove dead grass and prevent tufting
- rolling, to encourage tillering (branching of grass plants), and to level the ground
- top dressing the lawn with sand, soil or other material
- spiking, to relieve compaction of the soil
- watering, to prevent from going dormant and turning brown
- fertilizing
- herbicide and pesticide application to manage weeds and pests
Criticisms
A number of criticisms of lawns are based on environmental grounds
- Many lawns tend to be composed of a single species of plant, or of very few species, which reduces biodiversity, especially if the lawn covers a large area. In addition, they may be composed primarily of plants not local to the area which can further decrease local biodiversity.
- Lawns are sometimes cared for by using pesticides and other chemicals, which can be harmful to the environment.
- Maintaining a green lawn often requires large amounts of water. The use of such large amounts on plants that are often unsuited for their environment puts a strain on water supplies (especially during drought years), requiring larger more environmentally invasive water supply systems. Grass typically goes dormant by turning brown during hot, dry summer months, thereby reducing its demand for water. But this appearance may be unacceptable to the lawn owner.
- In the US and some other areas, lawn heights are generally maintained by poorly tuned gasoline push or riding lawnmowers, which use an excessive amount of fuel and contribute to urban smog during the summer months.
- Lawns use up vast areas of arable land often obtained through the expropriation of farmers from their land to make room for suburbs.
However, using ecological techniques, the impact of lawns can sometimes be reduced. Such methods include the use of local grasses, using only organic fertilizers, and introducing a variety of plants to the lawn.
In addition to the environmental criticisms, some gardeners question the aesthetic value of lawns.
One positive benefit of a healthy lawn is that of a filter for contaminants and to prevent run-off and erosion of bare dirt.
See also
External links
Wikipedia-Article "Garden"
- The Garden can also refer to Madison Square Garden.
A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form is known as a residential garden. Western gardens are almost universally based around plants. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoölogical gardens. Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale); this distinction is not always clear-cut, however. The gardening article discusses the differences and similarities between gardens and farms in greater detail.
Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.
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Relating to the garden
A garden can have many purposes— aesthetic, functional, and recreational. People develop a relationship with the space. That relationship can take many forms; among these are:
- Cooperation with nature
- Observance of nature
- Relaxation
- Growing useful produce
- Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty
- Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking
Western Gardens are gardens with clean, flowing lines and simple, spacious landscaping. Generally, lawns are utilized in Western Gardens becasue these type of gardens tend to come with a lot of space. Lawns are a great way to fill this space while at the same time providing a treat for the eye.
Other similar spaces
Other outdoor spaces that are similar to gardens include:
- A landscape is an outdoor natural space of a larger scale, often considered from a distance.
- A park is a planned outdoor space, usually of a larger size, often for public use.
- An arboretum is a planned outdoor space, usually large, for the display and study of trees.
- A farm or orchard is for the production of food stuff.
- A botanical garden is a type of garden where a wide variety of plants are grown both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and education of visitors.
- A zoological garden, or zoo for short, is a place where wild animals are cared for and exhibited to the public.
Garden planning and design
Garden planning and garden design may be undertaken by a professional. A landscape architect is a trained, certified and registered professional who can plan and realise outdoor spaces. A garden designer is usually trained to plan and realise residential gardens.
The planner must give consideration to many factors:
- Purpose
- Existing conditions
- Financial constraints
- Maintenance implications
Elements of a garden
The elements of a garden consist of natural conditions and materials, as well as man-made elements:
Natural conditions and materials:
Man-made elements:
- Terrace, patio, deck
- Paths
- Lighting
- Raised beds
- Outdoor art/sculpture, such as Gazebos
- Pool, water garden, or other water elements
Types of gardens
Gardens may feature a particular plant or plant type:
Gardens may feature a particular style or aesthetic:
- Alpine or rock garden
- Bonsai or miniature garden
- Chinese garden
- Cottage garden
- Tropical garden
- Formal garden
- Geometric garden
- Informal garden
- Japanese garden
- Zen garden
- Naturalistic garden
- Water garden
- Wild garden
Gardens may function in a particular manner:
- Botanical garden
- Community garden
- Forest garden
- Raised bed gardening
- Residential garden
- Roof garden
- Vertical garden
- Water or soil-less gardening (hydroponics)
- Walled garden
- Windowbox
- Zoological garden
History of gardens
See history of gardens page.
Gardens in literature
- The Garden of Eden
- Romance of the Rose
- Nathaniel Hawthorne's short-story "Rappaccini's Daughter"
- Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden
- Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera La Finta Giardiniera
See also
- List of botanical gardens
- List of public gardens
- List of notable historic gardens in the history of gardens article
- Garden design
- Paradise garden