Bande dessinée
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Wikipedia-Article "Bande dessinée"
Franco-Belgian comics are comics written in Belgium and France. These countries have a long tradition in comics and comic books, where they are called BDs (from Bande Dessinée) in French. Belgian comic books originally written in Dutch are influenced by the francophone "Franco-Belgian" comics, but have a different feel. Also other European comics, especially Italian ones are strongly influenced by Franco-Belgian comics.
La bande dessinée is derived from the original description of the artform as "drawn strips". It is not insignificant that the French term contains no indication of subject matter, unlike the American terms "comics" and "funnies," which imply an art form not to be taken seriously. Indeed, the distinction of comics as the "ninth art" is prevalent in Francophone scholarship on the form (le neuvième art), as is the concept of comics criticism and scholarship itself. Relative to the respective size of their countries, the innumerable authors in the region publish huge numbers of comic books. In North America, the more serious, Franco-Belgian comics are often seen as equivalent to graphic novels, for various reasons, but whether they are long or short, bound or in magazine format, in Europe there is no need for a more sophisticated term, as the art's name does not itself imply something frivolous.
Half of Belgium (Wallonia and Brussels) and France share the French language, making them a unique market where nationality has almost faded out. Although Switzerland contributes less to the body of work, it is significant that many scholars point to a Francophone Swiss, Rodolphe Töpffer, as the true father of comics. This choice is still controversial, with critics feeling that Töppfer's work is perhaps somewhat unconnected to the genesis of the artform as it is now known in the region, as recounted below.
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History
In the early decades of the 20th century, comics were not stand-alone publications, but were published in newspapers and monthly magazines as episodes or gags.
Aside from these magazines, the Catholic Church was creating and distributing "healthy and correct" magazines for the children. In 1920, the abbot of Averbode in Belgium started publishing Petits Belges, a magazine consisting largely of text with few illustrations.
One of the earliest proper Belgian comics was Hergé's Tintin, with the story Tintin in the Land of the Soviets which was published in Le Petit Vingtième in 1930. It was quite different from how we have come to know Tintin, the style being very naïve and simple, even childish, compared to the later stories. The early stories were often politically incorrect, in ways Hergé later regretted.
The first nudge towards modern comic books happened in 1934 when Hungarian Paul Winkler (who had previously been distributing comics to the monthly magazines via his Opera Mundi bureau) made a deal with King Features Syndicate to create the Journal de Mickey, a weekly 8-page "comic-book," in fact, the first real comic-book.
The success was quite immediate, and soon all the other publishers would start churning out periodicals with American series. This continued during the remainder of the decade, with hundreds of magazines publishing mostly imported material.
When Germany invaded France and Belgium, it became close to impossible to import American comics. Likewise, comics of questionable character (in the view of the Nazis) were banned outright.
Of course, the demand was still there, and the previously exclusively French or Flemish comics scrambled to get new material. For example, Edgar P. Jacobs (who later created Blake and Mortimer) had to improvise the ending to an episode of Flash Gordon in the Belgian magazine Bravo. Along with Jacobs, Jacques Laudy, Raymond Reding, Albert Uderzo, and Willy Vandersteen also got their start in Bravo.
The magazine Spirou had started shortly before the war, and was one of the few magazines to survive the changing conditions. Despite being outlawed for long periods by the Germans and having a hard time finding paper, they managed to publish a collection in 1944.
After the war, the American comics didn't come back in nearly as large numbers as before. Interestingly, a lot of the publishers and artists who had managed to continue working during the occupation were accused of being collaborators and were imprisoned by the resistance.
As an example, this happened to one of the famous magazines, Coeurs Vaillants ("Valiant Hearts"). It was founded by abbot Courtois (under the alias Jacques Coeur) in 1929. As he had the backing of the church, he managed to publish the magazine throughout the war, and was of course charged with being a collaborator. After he was forced out, his successor Pihan (as Jean Vaillant) took up the publishing, moving the magazine in a more humorous direction.
Hergé was another artist to be prosecuted by the resistance. He, as most others, managed to clear his name and went on to create Studio Hergé in 1950, where he acted as a sort of mentor for the students and assistants that it attracted. Among the people who studied there were Bob de Moor, Jacques Martin, Roger Leloup, and Edgar-Pierre Jacobs, all of whom exhibit the easily recognizable Belgian clean line style.
With a number of publishers in place, including Les Editions Dargaud & Dupuis, two of the biggest influences for over 50 years, the market for domestic comics had reached maturity. In the following decades, magazines like Spirou, Le Petit Vingtième, Vaillant, Pilote, and Heroïc Albums (the first to feature completed stories in each issue, as opposed to the episodic approach of other magazines) would continue to evolve into the style we now know. At this time, the school had already gained fame throughout Europe, and many countries had started importing the comics in addition to—or as substitute for—their own productions.
In the sixties, most of the Catholic magazines started to wane in popularity, as they were "re-christianized" and went to a more traditional style with more text and less drawings. This meant that comics like Pilote and Vaillant gained almost the entire market and became the obvious goal for new artists, who took up the styles prevalent in the magazines to break into the business.
The time after 1968 brought many adult comic books, something that hadn't been seen before. L'Écho des Savannes with Gotlib's crazed delirium of deities watching porn and Bretécher's Les Frustrés ("The Frustrated Ones") were among the earliest. Le Canard Sauvage ("The Mad Duck"), an art-zine featuring music reviews and comics was another. Métal Hurlant with the far-reaching science fiction and fantasy of Mœbius, Druillet, and Bilal, made an impact in America in its translated edition, Heavy Metal. This trend continued during the seventies, until the original Métal Hurlant folded in the early eighties, living on only in the American edition (which had in the meantime become independent from its French language parent), although some would argue that it is only a shadow of the original.
The eighties showed the adult comics getting somewhat stale, wallowing in sex and violence (examples of which can be seen in Heavy Metal magazines from the period). The revival came in the 1990s with several small independent publishers emerging, such as l'Association, Amok, Fréon. These comic books are often more artistic (graphical and narrative research) and better packaged than the usual products of the big companies.
Formats
One of the other interesting things to come from the war is the format. Before the war, comics were almost exclusively published as tabloid size newspapers. Now, they are about half that size. The comics are almost always colored all the way through, and, when compared to American comics, rather large (roughly A4 standard).
Comics are also often published as collected albums (graphic novels), with about 40-50 pages, after the run is finished in the magazine. Lately, most comics are published exclusively as albums and do not appear in the magazines at all. (Many magazines have disappeared, including greats like Métal Hurlant and Pilote.)
Some famous periodicals are Tintin, Charlie Hebdo, A suivre, Spirou (see Franco-Belgian comics magazines for more).
Styles
While the newer comics don't really fall into the old styles, and have generally evolved into something completely different and the old artists who pioneered the market are getting old and retiring, there are still three distinct styles within the school:
Schematic Style
This is the intermediate style. Tintin, certainly the earlier ones, is a good example of this. The major factor in schematic drawings is a reduction of reality to easy, clear lines. Typical is the lack of shadows, the geometrical features, and the realistic proportions. Another trait is the often "slow" drawings, with little to no speed-lines, and strokes that are almost completely even. It is also known as the Belgian clean line style or ligne claire. Other works in this style are the early comics of Jijé and the later work from Flemish and Dutch artists like Ever Meulen and Joost Swarte.
Realistic Style
The realistic comics are often laboriously detailed, making the pictures interesting to look at for times on end. An effort is made to make the comics look as convincing, as natural as possible, while still being drawings. No speed lines or exaggerations are used. This effect is often reinforced by the colouring, which is less even, less primary than schematic or comic-dynamic comics. Famous examples are Jerry Spring by Jijé, Blueberry by Giraud, and Thorgal by Rosiński.
"Comic-Dynamic" Style
This is the almost Barksian line of Franquin and Uderzo. Pilote is almost exclusively comic-dynamic, and so is Spirou and l'Écho des Savannes. These comics have very agitated drawings, often using lines of varying thickness to accent the drawings.
Foreign comics
Despite the already big amount of local publications, the French and Belgian editors publish numerous adaptations of comics from all over the world, particularly other European publications, from countries such as Italy, with Hugo Pratt and Milo Manara, Spain, with Daniel Torres, Argentina, with Alberto Breccia, Héctor Germán Oesterheld and José Muñoz.
American and British comic books are not well present on the French and Belgian comics market, probably due to the differences of comics' tradition between these countries.
Japanese manga has been receiving more attention since 2000. Recently, more manga has been translated and published, with a particular emphasis on independent authors like Jiro Taniguchi. In addition, in an attempt to unify the Franco-Belgian and Japanese schools, cartoonist Frédéric Boilet started the movement La nouvelle manga.
Japanese animation appeared in France and Belgium during the 1970s, and a number of Japanese teenage and adult series were adapted to a younger audience. Following this, the Catholic lobby group Famille de France (Association of Parents) managed to ban all Japanese animation from television in the 1990s. In France, Japanese animation is currently making its come back through cable television.
Conventions
There are many comics conventions in Belgium and France. The most famous is probably the Angoulême International Comics Festival, an annual festival begun in 1974, in Angoulême, France.
Cosplay (dressing as a cartoon/anime/jrock/sentai character) contests, karaoke, and meetings with famous artists are usually organised.
The Lavaur festival specialises in Franco-Belgian artists - "Le cartoonist" specialises in Japanese artists.
See also
- For a non-exhaustive list of French and Belgian authors, see List of comic creators
- For a non-exhaustive list of French and Belgian comic books, see List of comic books
- For a non-exhaustive list of French and Belgian characters, see Franco-Belgian comics/Characters
- For a non-exhaustive list of French and Belgian comics magazines, see Franco-Belgian comics magazines
- For a non-exhaustive list of French and Belgian comics publishing houses, see Franco-Belgian publishing houses.
External links
- BD Paradisio: http://www.bdparadisio.com/ (in French).
- BDSelection: http://www.bdselection.com/ (in French).
- Zilverendolfijn: http://www.zilverendolfijn.nl/.
- De 9de kunst: http://www.de9dekunst.be/ (in Dutch).
- Comiclopedia: http://www.lambiek.net/artists/index.htm (in English and French).