Eratosthenes
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Wikipedia-Article "Eratosthenes"
Eratosthenes ('Ερατοσθένης) (276 BC - 194 BC) was a Greek mathematician, geographer and astronomer. His contemporaries nicknamed him 'Beta' because he was the second best in the world in many subjects.
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Short summary of Eratosthenes' life
He was born in Cyrene (now in Libya), but worked and died in Ptolemaic Alexandria. He is noted for devising a system of latitude and longitude and computing the size of the Earth.
Eratosthenes studied at Alexandria and for some years in Athens. In 236 BC he was appointed by Ptolemy III Euergetes I as librarian of the Alexandrian library. He made several important contributions to mathematics and science, and was a good friend to Archimedes. Around 255 BC he invented the armillary sphere, which was widely used until the invention of the orrery in the 18th century.
He is credited by Cleomedes in On the Circular Motions of the Celestial Bodies with having calculated the Earth's circumference ca. 240 BC, using trigonometry and knowledge of the angle of elevation of the Sun at noon in Alexandria and Syene (now Aswan, Egypt).
Measurement of the Earth
Eratosthenes knew that on the summer solstice at local noon on the Tropic of Cancer, the Sun would appear at the zenith, directly overhead — though Syene was in fact slightly north of the tropic.
He also knew, from measurement, that in his hometown of Alexandria, the angle of elevation of the Sun would be 7° south of the zenith at the same time. Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene- Alexandria is in fact on a more westerly longitude- he concluded that the distance from Alexandria to Syene must be 7/360 of the total circumference of the Earth.
The distance between the cities was known from caravan travellings to be about 5,000 stadia.
There were some errors errors in this calculation although today we can use his method using correct measurements. Syene is not exactly on the Tropic of Cancer, and is not directly south of Alexandria; nor is the Sun at infinite distance. (Eratosthenes knew the last, but we are not told he corrected for it.) More seriously, angles in antiquity could be measured only to degrees or quarter-degrees, and measurement of overland distances was worse. He established a final value of 700 stadia per degree, which implies a circumference of 252,000 stadia. The exact size of the stadion he used is no longer known (the common Attic stadion was about 185 m), but it is generally believed that Eratosthenes' value corresponds to between 39,690 km and 46,620 km. The circumference of the Earth around the poles is now measured at around 40,008 km. Eratosthenes' method was used by Posidonius about 150 years later.
About 200 BC Eratosthenes is thought to have coined or to have adopted the word geography, the descriptive study of the Earth.
Other work
Eratosthenes' other contributions include:
- The Sieve of Eratosthenes as a way of finding prime numbers.
- Possibly, the measurement of the Sun-Earth distance, now called the astronomical unit and of the distance to the Moon (see below).
- The measurement of the inclination of the ecliptic with an angle error 7'.
- He compiled a star catalogue containing 675 stars, which was not preserved.
- A map of the Nile's route as far as Khartoum.
- A map of the entire known world, from the British Isles to Ceylon, and from the Caspian Sea to Ethiopia. Only Hipparchus, Strabo, and Ptolemy were able to make more accurate maps in the classical and post-classical world.
Eratosthenes was known under the name β, because he supposedly proved himself to be the second in the world in many fields. He was also reputedly known for his haughty character. In 195 BC he became blind and a year later he starved himself to death.
The fragmentary collection of Hellenistic sky-myths called Catasterismi (Katasterismoi) was given an attribution to Eratosthenes, a name to conjure with, to add to its credibility.
The mysterious astronomical distances
Eusebius of Caesarea in his Praeparatio Evangelica includes a brief chapter of three sentences on celestial distances (Book XV, Chapter 53). He states simply that Eratosthenes found the distance to the sun to be "σταδιων μυριαδας τετρακοσιας και οκτωκισμυριας" (literally "of stadia myriads 400 and 80000") and the distance to the moon to be 780,000 stadia. The expression for the distance to the sun has been translated either as 4,080,000 stadia (1903 translation by E. H. Gifford), or as 804,000,000 stadia (edition of Edouard des Places, dated 1974-1991). The meaning depends on whether Eusebius meant 400 myriad plus 80000 or "400 and 80000" myriad.
This testimony of Eusebius is dismissed by the scholarly Dictionary of Scientific Biography. It is true that the distance Eusebius quotes for the moon is much too low (about 144,000 km) and Eratosthenes should have been able to do much better than this since he knew the size of the earth and Aristarchos had already found the ratio of the moon's distance to the size of the earth. But if what Eusebius wrote was pure fiction, then it is difficult to explain the fact that, using the Greek stadium of 185 metres, the figure of 804 million stadia that he quotes for the distance to the sun comes to 149 million kilometres. The difference between this and the modern accepted value is less than 1%!
There seem to be two possibilities. Perhaps Eusebius got the story wrong. But then how did he come up with such an accurate number, when normally he wouldn't even have known the order of magnitude? Or else he was correct in saying that Eratosthenes had found this distance. But then how did Eratosthenes come up with such an accurate value for the distance to the sun, yet a very poor value for the distance to the moon? Aristarchos had tried to find how many times further the sun is than the moon based on the angle between them at the time of the half moon, but the method was not accurate.
Named after Eratosthenes
- Sieve of Eratosthenes.
- Eratosthenes crater on the Moon.
- Eratosthenian period in the lunar geologic timescale.
- Eratosthenes Seamount in the eastern Mediterranean Ocean