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Vocational education (or Vocational Education and Training (VET)) prepares learners for careers or professions that are traditionally non-academic and directly related to a specific trade, occupation or vocation, hence the term, in which the learner participates. It is sometimes referred to as technical education, as the learner directly specialises in a particular narrow technique of using technology.

Vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concentrate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge, characteristic of tertiary education.Vocational education is in most cases a form of secondary or post-secondary education. In some cases, vocational education can contribute towards a tertiary education at a university as academic credit however, it is rarely considered in its own form to fall under the traditional definition of a higher education.

Up until the end of the twentieth century, vocational education focused on specific trades such as for example, an automobile mechanic or welder, and was therefore associated with the activities of lower social classes. As a consequence, it attracted a level of stigma. Vocational education is related to the age-old apprenticeship system of learning.

However, as the labour market becomes more specialised and economies are demanding more skills, governments and business are increasingly investing in the future of vocational education through publicy funded training organisations and subsidised apprenticeship or traineeship initiatives for businesses. At the post-secondary level vocational education is typically provided by an institute of technology, or by a local community college.

Vocational education has diversified over the 20th century and now exists in industries such as retail, tourism, information technology, funeral services and cosmetics, as well as in the traditional crafts and cottage industries.

Contents 1 VET internationally 2 Readings 3 See also 4 External links 4.1 Vocational guidance 4.2 ERIC Articles 4.3 National and International organisations and agencies 4.4 Reports

VET internationally

The largest and the most unified system of vocational education was created in the Soviet Union with the Professional`no-tehnicheskoye uchilische and, Tehnikum. But it became less effective with the transition of the economies of post-Soviet countries to a market economy.

In Australia vocational education and training is post-secondary and provided through the Technical and Further Education system. This system encompasses both Government and private providers in a nationally accredited system based on agreed and consistant assessment standards.

In Singapore, the Institute of Technical Education provides vocational education after secondary education.

Readings

• Achilles, C. M.; Lintz, M.N.; and Wayson, W.W. "Observations on Building Public Confidence in Education." EDUCATIONAL EVALUATION AND POLICY ANALYSIS 11 no. 3 (1989): 275-284.
• Banach, Banach, and Cassidy. THE ABC COMPLETE BOOK OF SCHOOL MARKETING. Ray Township, MI: Author, 1996.
• Brodhead, C. W. "Image 2000: A Vision for Vocational Education." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 66, no. 1 (January 1991): 22-25.
• Buzzell, C.H. "Let Our Image Reflect Our Pride." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November-December 1987): 10.
• O'Connor, P.J., and Trussell, S.T. "The Marketing of Vocational Education." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November-December 1987): 31-32.
• Ries, E. "To 'V' or Not to 'V': for Many the Word 'Vocational' Doesn't Work." TECHNIQUES 72, no. 8 (November-December 1997): 32-36.
• Ries, A., and Trout, J. THE 22 IMMUTABLE LAWS OF MARKETING. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1993.
• Sharpe, D. "Image Control: Teachers and Staff Have the Power to Shape Positive Thinking." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 68, no. 1 (January 1993): 26-27.
• Shields, C.J. "How to Market Vocational Education." CURRICULUM REVIEW (November 1989): 3-5
• Silberman, H.F. "Improving the Status of High School Vocational Education." EDUCATIONAL HORIZONS 65, no. 1 (Fall 1986): 5-9.
• Tuttle, F.T. "Let's Get Serious about Image-Building." VOCATIONAL EDUCATION JOURNAL 62, no. 8 (November-December 1987): 11.
• "What Do People Think of Us?" TECHNIQUES 72, no. 6 (September 1997): 14-15.

See also

• Home economics
• Finishing school
• Institute of technology
• Technical and Further Education (Australia)
• Training
• IEK: Vocational education schools in Greece.

External links

Vocational guidance

• Choosing a Career or Vocational School

ERIC Articles

• Constructivism, Workplace Learning, and Vocational Education
• The Business of Vocational Education
• Employers' Expectations of Vocational Education
• Reducing the Dropout Rate through Career and Vocational Education
• Vocational Education's Image for the 21st Century
• Vocational Education Performance Standards

National and International organisations and agencies

• Australian Department of Education, Science and Training
• Australian NCVER listing of web sites, Australian and international, containing vocational education and training (VET) information
• European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (CEDEFOP)
• European Forum of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (EFVET)
• UNESCO-UNEVOC International Centre for Technical and Vocational Education and Training
• UK Department for Education and Skills
• US Dept of Labor of Employment and Training Administration - Office of Apprenticeship Training, Employer and Labor Services (OATELS)
• US Dept of Education - Office of Vocational and Adult Education
• U.S. Job Training and Vocational Education Programs

Reports

• Vocational Education in the United States: Toward the Year 2000 US National Center for Education Statistics

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