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Emissions of CO2 by country in 1995. Data : United Nations Environment Programme.

The Lachine Canal, in Montreal, is badly polluted

Water pollution

Air pollution

Pumping of highly toxic (dark black) sludge, much seeps back into the ocean in the form of tiny particles

Early Soviet poster: The smoke of chimneys is the breath of Soviet Russia

Environmental Pollution is the release of harmful environmental contaminants, or the substances so released. Generally the process needs to result from human activity to be regarded as pollution. Even relatively benign products of human activity are liable to be regarded as pollution, if they precipitate negative effects later on. The nitrogen oxides produced by industry are often referred to as pollution, for example, although the substances themselves are not harmful. In fact, it is solar energy (sunlight) that converts these compounds to smog.

Pollution can take two major forms: local pollution and global pollution. In the past, only local pollution was thought to be a problem. For example, coal burning produces smoke, which in sufficient concentrations can be a health hazard. One slogan, taught in schools, was "The solution to pollution is dilution." The theory was that sufficiently diluted pollution could cause no damage. In recent decades, awareness has been rising that some forms of pollution pose a global problem. For example, human activity (primarily nuclear testing) has significantly raised the levels of background radiation, which may lead to human health problems, all over the world. Awareness of both kinds of pollution, among other things, has led to the environmentalism movement, which seeks to limit the human impact on the environment.

Whether something is pollution depends almost entirely on context. Blooms of algae and the resultant eutrophication of lakes and coastal ocean is considered pollution when it is fueled by nutrients from industrial, agricultural, or residential runoff in either point source or nonpoint source form (see the article on eutrophication for more information). Heavy metals such as lead and mercury have a role in geochemical cycles (i.e. they occur as within 'nature'). These metals may also be mined and, depending on their processing, may thus be released in large concentrations into an environment previously not playing host to them. Just as the influences of anthropogenic release of these metals to the environment may be considered as 'polluting', such pollution could also occur in some areas due to either autochthonous or historic 'natural' geochemical activity.

Carbon dioxide is sometimes referred to as a pollution, on the basis that these emissions have led, or are leading, to raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere and, furthermore, to harmful changes in the Earth's climate. Such claims are strongly disputed, particularly by political conservatives in Western countries and most strongly in the United States. Due to this controversy, in many contexts carbon dioxide from such sources are labelled neutrally as "emissions." See global warming for a very extensive discussion of this topic.

Traditional forms of pollution include air pollution, water pollution, and radioactive contamination while a broader interpretation of the word has led to the ideas of ship pollution, light pollution, and noise pollution.

Serious pollution sources include chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste dumps, regular garbage dumps (many toxic substances are illegally dumped there), incinerators, PVC factories, car factories, plastics factories, and corporate animal farms creating huge amounts of animal waste. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can release very severe pollution when accidents occur. Some of the more common contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals like lead (in lead paint and until recently in gasoline), cadmium (in rechargeable batteries), chromium, zinc, arsenic and benzene.

Pollution is often a serious side effect in natural disasters. For example hurricanes almost always involve sewage pollution, and petrochemical pollution from overturned boats or automobiles, or even damage from coastal refineries is common.

Pollutants are thought to play a part in a variety of maladies, including cancer, lupus, immune diseases, allergies, and asthma. Some illnesses are named in relation with certain pollutants: for example, Minamata disease, which is caused by mercury compounds.

Contents 1 Regulation and Monitoring 1.1 International 1.2 United States 2 See also 3 External links

Regulation and Monitoring

International

The Kyoto Protocol is an amendment to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty on global warming. It also reaffirms sections of the UNFCCC. Countries which ratify this protocol commit to reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, or engage in emissions trading if they maintain or increase emissions of these gases. A total of 141 countries have ratified the agreement. Notable exceptions include the United States and Australia.

United States

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was supposed to establish "acceptable" levels of exposure to contaminants. One of the ratings chemicals are given are carcinogenicity, or how likely they are to cause cancer. Levels range from, not carcinogenic, likely carcinogen, known carcinogen, and unknown. But some scientists have said that most of these levels are far too high and people should be exposed less to them. The CalEPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has a different list of levels. (OEHHA). The U.S. has a maximum fine of US$25,000 for dumping toxic waste. However, many large manufacturers plead guilty, as they can easily afford this relatively small fine.

See also

• Dutch standards
• Earth Day
• Future energy development
• Global warming
• Greenhouse gas
• Kyoto Protocol
• Lake Karachay
• List of songs about environmental pollution
• Marine pollution
• oxygen depletion
• particle_(ecology)
• Pollutant
• Petroleum
• Radioactive contamination
• Remediation
• Renewable energy
• Ton Petroleum Equivalent
• Toxicology
• Volatile Organic Compounds
• Whole Earth Catalog
• World Ocean Day

External links

• Toxic Release Inventory - tracks how much waste companies release into the water and air. Gives permits for releasing specific quantities of these pollutants each year. Map
• Superfund - manages Superfund sites and the pollutants in them (CERCLA).
• OSHA limits for air contaminants
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - found out top 20 pollutants, alias for chemicals, how they affect people, what industries use them and what products they are found in.
• National Toxicology Program - from National Institutes of Health. Reports and studies on how pollutants affect people.
• Toxnet - more databases and reports on toxicology. From NIH
• Scorecard.org - lots of information about pollution in the US. Just enter your zip code. Colored maps also show how bad certain types of pollution are in your area.
• Environmental Protection Agency
• OEHHA
• National Toxic Mold Coalition and Foundation
• Environmental Defense Fund
• Rachel's Environment and Health News - Weekly news about how the polluted environment affects people, and what corporations and governments are doing (or not doing) about it. Also in Spanish.
• Essential.org - Some organizations related to consumers and consumer protection, including pollution.
• CleanUp GE.org - Info about GE's shady dumping practices on the Hudson river.
• Pollution.net - Good starting point for environmental jobs, environmental news, articles and books. Plus blogs on environmental issues
• Extoxnet newsletters - environmental pollution news. Last update 1998.
• Environmental News Network - more news
• Environmental Working Group
• Sewage Sludge - in the U.S. it is perfectly legal to fertilize food crops with solids from the sewer, which include lots of heavy metals and toxins.
• Yahoo - Toxicology - another great starting point.
• The ToxTutor from the National Library of Medicine - An excellent resource to review human toxicology.
• Pollution and development, as seen from space
• Overview of the possible environmental benefits of a plant-based diet
• Action on Smoking and Health
• CigaretteLitter.Org - The Facts About Cigarette Butts and Litter - Cigarette Litter[[no:Forurensning]

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