Tennessee

State of Tennessee

Flag of Tennessee Seal of Tennessee
State nickname: Volunteer State
Official languages	English
Capital	Nashville
Largest city	Memphis
Governor	Phil Bredesen (D)
Senators	Bill Frist (R) Lamar Alexander (R)
Area  - Total  - % water	Ranked 36th 109,247 km² 2.2
Population  - Total (2000)  - Density	Ranked 16th 5,689,283 53.29/km² (19th)
Admission into Union	June 1, 1796 (16th)
Time Zone	Eastern: UTC-5/-4 (eastern counties) Central: UTC-6/-5 (central and western)
Coordinates  - Latitude  - Longitude  - Width  - Length	35°N to 36°41'N 81°37'W to 90°28'W 195 km 710 km
Elevation  - Highest point  - Mean  - Lowest point	2,025 m 275 m 54 m
Abbreviations  - USPS  - ISO 3166-2	TN US-TN
Web site	www.tennessee.gov

Tennessee is a Southern state of the United States.

Origin and history of the name Tennessee

The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through a Native American village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while travelling inland from South Carolina. European settlers later encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River). It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Pardo.

The meaning and origin of the word are uncertain. Some accounts suggest it is a Cherokee modification of an earlier Yuchi word. It has been said to mean "meeting place", "winding river", or "river of the great bend".[1][2]

The modern spelling, Tennessee, is attributed to James Glen, the Governor of South Carolina, who used this spelling in his official correspondence during the 1750s. In 1788, North Carolina named the third county to be established in what is now Middle Tennessee "Tennessee County". When a constitutional convention met in 1796 to organize a new state out of the Southwest Territory, it adopted "Tennessee" as the name of the state.

History

The area now known as Tennessee was first settled by Paleo-Indians nearly 11,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley prior to Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters.

When Spanish explorers first visited the area, led by Hernando de Soto in 1539–43, it was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. For unknown reasons, possibly due to expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee, an Iroquoian tribe, moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the native populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, including the Chickasaw and Choctaw. From 1838 to 1839, nearly 17,000 Cherokees were forced to march from Eastern Tennessee to Indian Territory west of Arkansas. This came to be known as the Trail of Tears, as an estimated 4,000 Cherokees died along the way.¹

Tennessee was admitted to the Union in 1796 as the 16th state, and was created by taking the north and south borders of North Carolina and extending them with only one small deviation to the Mississippi River, Tennessee's western boundary. Tennessee was the last Confederate state to secede from the Union when it did so on June 8, 1861. After the American Civil War, Tennessee adopted a new constitution that abolished slavery (February 22, 1865), ratified the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on July 18, 1866, and was the first state readmitted to the Union (July 24 of the same year).

Tennessee was the only state that seceded from the Union that did not have a military governor after the American Civil War, mostly due to the influence of President Andrew Johnson, a native of the state, who was Lincoln's vice president and succeeded him as president, due to the assassination.

In 1897, the state celebrated its centennial of statehood (albeit one year late) with a great exposition.

The need to create work for the unemployed during the Depression, the desire for rural electrification, and the desire to control the annual spring floods on the Tennessee River drove the creation of the Tennessee Valley Authority, the nation's largest public utility, in 1933.

During World War II, Oak Ridge was selected as a U.S. Department of Energy national laboratory, one of the principal sites for the Manhattan Project's production and isolation of weapons-grade fissile material.

Tennessee celebrated its bicentennial in 1996 after a yearlong statewide celebration entitled "Tennessee 200" by opening a new state park (Bicentennial Mall) at the foot of Capitol Hill in Nashville.

Law and Government

Welcome sign in Memphis, Tennessee

Tennessee's governor holds office for a four year term and may serve any number of terms, but not more than two in a row. The speaker of the state Senate--who is elected by his peers in that body--automatically holds the title of lieutenant governor.

The General Assembly (the state's legislature) consists of the 33-member Senate and the 99-member House of Representatives. Senators serve four year terms, and House members serve two year terms.

The highest court in Tennessee is the state Supreme Court. It has a chief justice and four associate justices. The Court of Appeals has 12 judges. The Court of Criminal Appeals has nine judges.

Tennessee's current state constitution was adopted in 1870. The state had two earlier constitutions. The first was adopted in 1796, the year Tennessee joined the union, and the second was adopted in 1834.

Tennessee politics, like that of most U.S. States, revolves around the Democratic and Republican Parties. Democrats are very strong in metropolitan Memphis, Nashville, and Chattanooga. The Party is also relatively strong in most of Middle Tennessee and West Tennessee north of Memphis.

The Republicans have the most strength in East Tennessee, which is arguably made up of some of the most Republican counties in the entire U.S.A. The people of East Tennessee have not elected a Democrat to represent them in Congress since 1878, and is the most consistently Republican region in the South, which has historically been very Democratic. The Republicans also have much strength in West Tennessee's southern region east of Memphis.

See also: List of Tennessee Governors, U.S. Congressional Delegations from Tennessee

Geography

Map of Tennessee - PDF

Tennessee lies adjacent to 8 other states, matched only by Missouri which also borders 8 states. Tennessee is bordered on the north by Kentucky and Virginia, on the east by North Carolina, on the south by Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi, and on the west by Arkansas and Missouri. The state is trisected by the Tennessee River. The highest point in the state is the peak of Clingmans Dome at 6,643 feet (2,025 meters), which lies on Tennessee's eastern border. The geographical center of the state is located several miles east of Murfreesboro on Old Lascassas Pike and is marked by a roadside monument.

The state of Tennessee is traditionally divided by its people into three, culturally distinct grand divisions—East, Middle, and West Tennessee. The Tennessee River is generally considered the dividing line between Middle and West Tennessee. The Cumberland Plateau is generally considered the dividing line between East and Middle Tennessee.

Tennessee features six principal geographic regions. Roughly from west to east, these are:

• Gulf Coastal Plain - including the Mississippi embayment
• Nashville Basin
• Highland Rim - this is continuous with the region in Kentucky termed the Pennyroyal Plateau
• Cumberland Plateau - also called the Appalachian Plateau
• Ridge-and-valley Appalachians
• Blue Ridge Mountains - including the Great Smoky Mountains

See also: List of Tennessee counties, List of Tennessee state parks

Economy

According to U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, in 2003 Tennessee's Gross State Product was $199,786,000,000, 1.8% of the total Gross Domestic Product.

In 2003, the per capita personal income was $28,641, 36th in the nation, and only 91% of the national per capita personal income of $31,472. Total earnings were $167,414,793,000. (BEARFACTS)

Major industries/products...

State sales tax is 7.0% (6% on nonprepared food), while the counties charge an additional 2.25% for a total of 9.25% across Tennessee. Some cities charge additional 0.50% sales tax, leading to a total of 9.75%: some of the highest sales taxes in the United States. The overall state tax rate is relatively low, however, as Tennessee does not tax wage and salary income (although it does tax unearned income).

Tennessee is a right to work state.

Demographics

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, as of 2003, Tennessee's population was 5,841,748 people.

The racial makeup of the state is:

• 64.6% White
• 35.4% Black
• 2.2% Hispanic
• 0.3% Native American
• 1.0% Asian
• 1.1% Mixed race

The five largest ancestry groups in Tennessee are: African American (17.5%), American (16.4%), Irish (9.3%), English (9.1%), German (8.3%).

African-Americans once made up 48 percent of the state's population and are 35 percent today. The state's African-American population is concentrated mainly in Western and Eastern Tennessee and the cities of Memphis,Nashville,and Knoxville.

6.6% of Tennessee's population were reported as under 5, 24.6% under 18, and 12.4% were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.3% of the population.

Religion

The religious affiliations of the people of Tennessee are:

• Christian – 90%
  • Protestant – 83%
    • Baptist – 42%
    • Methodist – 11%
    • Church of Christ – 6%
    • Presbyterian – 3%
    • Other Protestant/general Protestant – 21%
  • Roman Catholic – 6%
  • Other Christian – 1%
• Other Religions – 1%
• Non-Religious – 9%

Important cities and towns

The current capital is Nashville, though Knoxville, Kingston, and Murfreesboro have all served as state capitals. Memphis has the largest population of any city in the state, but Nashville has a larger metropolitan area. Chattanooga and Knoxville, both in the eastern part of the state near the Great Smoky Mountains, each have approximately a third of Memphis or Nashville's population. The city of Clarksville is the fifth significant population center, some 45 miles northwest of Nashville. As of 2000, the population is 5,689,283.

Nashville: 569,891 (2000)

Memphis: 671,929 (2000)

Knoxville: 173,890 population (2000)

Major cities

• Chattanooga
  • Major railroad hub, financial center
  • Major Civil War battleground
  • Home of:
    • University of Tennessee at Chattanooga
  • Major tourist atrractions:
    • Ruby Falls
    • Tennessee Aquarium
    • Rock City (located in nearby Lookout Mountain, Georgia)
    • Incline Railway

• Knoxville
  • Original state capital
  • Home of:
    • Main campus of University of Tennessee
    • 1982 World's Fair
    • Women's Basketball Hall of Fame

• Memphis
  • Blues music center
  • "Birthplace of rock and roll"
  • Assassination of Martin Luther King
  • One of the centers of 60s and 70s soul music (Stax, Hi)
  • Home of:
    • Elvis Presley
    • Memphis Grizzlies, National Basketball Association franchise
    • University of Memphis (formerly Memphis State University)
    • Worldwide shipping giant FedEx

• Nashville
  • State capital
  • World center of country music industry
  • Home of:
    • Southern Baptist Convention headquarters
    • Vanderbilt University
    • Tennessee State University
    • Many other small private colleges and universities
    • Tennessee Titans, National Football League franchise
    • Nashville Predators, National Hockey League franchise

Secondary cities

• Clarksville
  • Main campus of Austin Peay State University
  • Near Fort Campbell, home of 101st Airborne Division of U.S. Army
  • Established The First Womens Bank Of Tennessee
  • Home of Wilma Rudolph

• Cleveland
  • Church of God (Cleveland) headquarters

• Johnson City
  • Home of East Tennessee State University
  • Historic railway center for three states originally known as Johnson's Depot and later as "Little Chicago"

• Kingsport
  • Corporate headquarters of Eastman Chemical Company
  • Chartered in 1917 as "the Model City"

• Lebanon
  • Home to Cracker Barrel restaurant chain and site of first location
  • Home of Nashville Superspeedway

• Murfreesboro
  • Home of Middle Tennessee State University
  • Geographic center of Tennessee
  • Home of famous American Civil War Battle of Stones River (also known as the Battle of Murfreesboro)

• Oak Ridge
  • Major scientific/research center
  • Manhattan Project

Education

University of Tennessee

University of Memphis

Rhodes College

Vanderbilt University

Colleges and universities