Lockheed
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Wikipedia-Article "Lockheed"
Lockheed Corporation was an aerospace company originally founded in 1912 which merged with Martin Marietta in 1995 to form Lockheed Martin.
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History
Origins
The Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company was established in 1912 by the brothers Allan and Malcolm Loughead. This company was renamed the Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company and located in Santa Barbara, California.
In 1926, following the failure of Loughead, Allan Loughead formed the Lockheed Aircraft Company (phonetically spelled to avoid confusion) in Hollywood, California. In 1929 Lockheed sold out to Detroit Aircraft.
The Great Depression ruined the aircraft market, and Detroit Aircraft went bankrupt. A group of investors headed by brothers Robert and Courtland Gross bought the company out of receivership in 1932. The syndicate bought the company for a mere $40,000. Ironically, Allan Loughead himself had planned to bid for his own company, but had raised "only" $50,000, which he felt was too small a sum for a serious bid.
In 1934, Robert E. Gross was named chairman of the new company, the Lockheed Corporation, which was headquartered at the airport in Burbank, California. The company remained there for many years before moving to Calabasas, California.
In the 1930s, Lockheed spent $139,400 to develop the L-10 Electra, a small twin-engine transport. The company sold 40 in the first year of production. Amelia Earheart and her navigator, Fred Noonan, flew this plane on their failed attempt to circumnavigate the world in 1937. The Electra also formed the basis for the Hudson bomber, which was supplied to both the British Royal Air Force and the United States military before and during World War II. Its primary role was submarine hunting.
Production during World War II
At the beginning of World War II, Lockheed — under the guidance of Clarence (Kelly) Johnson, one of the best known American aircraft designers — answered a specification for an interceptor by submitting the P-38 Lightning fighter plane, a somewhat unorthodox twin-engine, twin-boom design. The P-38 was the only U.S. fighter design to be built for the entire duration of the war. It filled ground attack, air-to-air, and even strategic bombing roles in all theatres of the war. The P-38 was responsible for shooting down more Japanese aircraft than any other type during the war; it also participated in the famous mission to kill Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the mastermind of the Pearl Harbor attack. Also under Johnson, Lockheed developed a larger, less-successful version of the P-38.
All told, Lockheed produced 19,278 aircraft during World War II, representing 6% of those produced in the war. This included 2,600 Venturas, 2,700 B-17 Flying Fortresses (built under license for Boeing), 2,900 Hudsons, and 9,000 Lightnings.[1]
Post-war production
During World War II, Lockheed, in cooperation with Trans-World Airlines (TWA), had developed the the L049 Constellation, a radical new airliner capable of flying 43 passengers between New York and London at a speed of 300 mph in 13 hours. Once the Constellations (affectionately called "Connies") went into the production, the military received the first production models. After the war, the airlines received their original orders of Constellations. This gave Lockheed more than a year's head-start on the other aircraft manufacturers.
Lockheed produced a larger transport, the R6V Constitution, which was intended to make the Constellation obsolete. However, the design proved underpowered, and only two prototypes were ever built.
Skunk Works
In 1943, Lockheed began, in secrecy, development of a new fighter at its Burbank facility, based on a jet project for which competitor Bell Aircraft did not have facilities. This fighter, the P-80 Shooting Star, became the first American jet fighter to score a kill. It also recorded the first jet-to-jet aerial kill, downing a MiG-15 in Korea, although by this time the F-80 (as it came to be known in June 1948) was already considered obsolete.
Starting with the P-80, Lockeed's secret development work was done at a site called the "Skunk Works". The name may have come from the smell caused by a plastic factory nearby. This site has become famous and spawned many successful Lockheed designs, including the spy planes, U-2 (late 1950s) and SR-71 Blackbird (1962). The skunk works often created designs of amazing quality in a very short time and sometimes with limited resources. To this day, the term "skunk works" means a place where elite minds develop marvels.
Projects during the Cold War
In 1954, the first flight of the Lockheed L100 (C-130 Hercules) took place. The type remains in production in 2005. In 1956 Lockheed, received a contract for the development of the Polaris Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM), this would be followed by the Poseidon and Trident nuclear missiles. In 1976 the Skunk Works began development of the F-117 Stealth Fighter.
Other Lockheed designs included the F-104 Starfighter (late 1950's), the world's first Mach 2 fighter plane; L-1011 TriStar wide-body jet transport; and the C-5 Galaxy four-engined jet transport.
Also in 1976, Lockheed was involved in a major scandal involving the Japanese Marubeni Corporation and several high ranking members of Japanese political, business and underworld circles. Lockheed had hired underworld figure Yoshio Kodama as a consultant in order to influence Japanese airlines to purchase the L-1011 aircraft. It was revealed that Lockheed had paid approximately $1.8 million in bribes to the Japanese Prime Minister's office for their aid in the matter. The resulting judicial process carried on for a decade, and led to the arrest of the powerful politician Kakuei Tanaka, among others. In Japan the name Lockheed is chiefly associated with this scandal.
Timeline
- 1912: The Alco Hydro-Aeroplane Company established.
- 1916: Company renamed Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company.
- 1926: Lockheed Aircraft Company formed.
- 1929: Lockheed became a division of Detroit Aircraft.
- 1932: Robert and Courtland Gross take control of company after the bankruptcy of Detroit Aircraft.
- 1932: Renamed as the Lockheed Corporation, recognizing the wider scope of the company's operation.
- 1943: Lockheed's Skunk Works founded in Burbank, California
- 1954: First flight of C-130 Hercules
- 1954: Maiden flight of U-2
- 1976: The Japanese Lockheed Scandal
- 1986: Acquired Sanders Associates electronics of Nashua, New Hampshire
- 1991: Lockheed, General Dynamics and Boeing begin development of the F-22, now the F/A-22
- 1993: Acquired General Dynamics' Fort Worth aircraft division, builder of the F-16 Fighting Falcon.
- 1995: Lockheed Corporation merges with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin
Product list
- Main article: List of Lockheed aircraft
A partial listing of aircraft and other vehicles produced by Lockheed.
Airliners and civil transports
- Lockheed Vega
- Lockheed L-10 Electra
- Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior
- Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra
- Lockheed Lodestar
- Lockheed Constellation, famous airliner
- Lockheed Saturn
- L-188 Electra
- Lockheed JetStar, business jet
- L-1011 TriStar, wide-body airliner
Military transports
- C-64/C-121, military transport version of the Constellation
- Lockheed R6V Constitution, large transport aircraft
- C-130 Hercules, medium combat transport (AC-130 gunship) (other variants)
- C-141 Starlifter, long-range jet transport
- C-5 Galaxy, heavy transport
Fighters
- P-38 Lightning, two-engine fighter
- P-80 Shooting Star, the United States Air Force's first operational jet fighter
- F-94 Starfire, all-weather fighter
- F-104 Starfighter, multi-mission fighter, the "missile with a man in it"
- F-117 Nighthawk, stealth fighter
- F/A-22 Raptor, air superiority stealth fighter
Patrol and reconnaissance
- Lockheed Hudson, maritime patrol/bomber
- PV-1 Ventura and PV-2 Harpoon, Maritime patrol/bomber
- P2V Neptune, maritime patrol
- P-3 Orion, ASW patrol
- U-2, reconnaissance (TR-1)
- SR-71 Blackbird, reconnaissance (M-21) (YF-12)
- S-3 Viking, patrol/attack
Helicopters
- AH56A Cheyenne, experimental attack helicopter
Missiles
Space technology
References
- ^ TIME, January 14, 1946.
Further reading
- Boyne, Walter J., Beyond the Horizons: The Lockheed Story. St. Martin's Press: New York, 1998.