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The Lakota (IPA: [laˈkˣota]) (also Lakhota, Teton, Titonwon) are a Native American tribe. They form one of a group of seven tribes (the Great Sioux Nation) that speak Lakota, one of the three major varieties of the Sioux language.

The Lakota are the westernmost of the three Sioux groups, occupying lands in both North and South Dakota.

Contents 1 History 2 Ethnonyms 3 Social divisions 3.1 Bands 4 Reservations 5 See also 6 External links 7 Bibliography

History

The Lakota are closely related to the western Dakota of Minnesota. After their adoption of the horse, šuƞkáwakháƞ ([ʃũˈkawaˈkʰã]) ('power/mystery dog') in the early 18th Century, the Lakota became part of the Great Plains culture with their eventual Algonkin-speaking allies, the Tsitsistas (Cheyenne), living in the northern Great Plains. Their society centered on the buffalo hunt with the horse. There were 20,000 Titonwan Lakota in the mid-18th century. The number has now increased to about 70,000, of whom about 20,500 still speak their ancestral language. (See Languages in the United States).

After 1720, the Lakota branch of the Seven Council Fires split into two elements, the Saone who moved to the Lake Traverse area on the South Dakota-North Dakota-Minnesota border, and the Oglala-Brule who occupied the James River Valley. By about 1750, however, the Saone had moved to the east bank of the Missouri, followed 10 years later by the Oglala and Brule (Sicangu).

The large and powerful Arikara, Mandan, and Hidatsa villages had prevented the Lakota from crossing the Missouri for an extended period, but when smallpox and other diseases nearly destroyed these tribes, the way was open for the first Lakota to cross the Missouri into the drier, short-grass prairies of the High Plains. These Saone, well-mounted and increasingly confident, spread out quickly. in 1765, an Saone exploring and raiding party led by Chief Standing Bear discovered the Black Hills (which they called the Paha Sapa Pahasapa). Just a decade later, in 1775, the Oglala and Brule also crossed the river, following the great small pox epidemic of 1772-1780, which destroyed 3/4 of the population of the Missouri Valley populations. In 1776, they defeated the Cheyenne as the Cheyenne had earlier defeated the Kiowa, and gained control of the land which became the center of the Lakota universe.

Initial contacts between the Lakota and the United States, during the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804-06, were friendly. But as more and more settlers crossed Lakota lands, this changed. In Nebraska on September 3, 1855, 700 soldiers under American General William S. Harney avenged the Grattan Massacre by attacking a Lakota village, killing 100 men, women, and children. Other wars followed; and in 1862-1864, as refugees from the "Sioux Uprising" in Minnesota fled west to their allies in Montana and Dakota Territory, the war followed them.

Because the Black Hills are sacred to the Lakota, they objected to mining in the area, which has been attempted since the early years of the 19th century. In 1868, the US government signed the Fort Laramie Treaty (1868) with them exempting the Black Hills from all white settlement forever. Four years later, gold was publicly discovered there, and an influx of prospectors descended upon the area, abetted by army commanders like General George Armstrong Custer. The latter tried to administer a lesson of noninterference with white policies, resulting in the Black Hills War of 1876-77.

Initially, the Titonwan with their allies, the Arapaho and the Cheyenne, defeated the 7th U.S. Cavalry in 1876 at the Battle at the Greasy Grass/Battle of the Little Bighorn, known also as Custer's Last Stand, since he and all 200 of the troopers under his immediate command perished there. Some 60 troopers under the independent commands of Major Reno and Captain Benteen also died. But like the Zulu triumph over the British in Africa three years later, it was a pyrrhic victory. The Titonwan were defeated in a series of subsequent battles by the reinforced U.S. Army, and were herded back onto reservations, by preventing buffalo hunts and enforcing government food distribution policies to 'friendlies' only. A treaty in 1877 ceded the Black Hills to the United States, but a low-intensity war continued, culminating, fourteen years later, in the killing of Sitting Bull (December 15, 1890) at Standing Rock and the Massacre of Wounded Knee (December 29, 1890) at Pine Ridge.

Today, the Lakota are found mostly in the five reservations of western South Dakota: Rosebud (home of the Upper Sicangu or Brule), Pine Ridge (home of the Oglala), Lower Brule (home of the Lower Sicangu), Cheyenne River (home of several other of the seven Lakota bands, including the Sihasapa and Hunkpapa), and Standing Rock, also home to people from many bands. But Lakota are also found far to the north in the Fort Peck Reservation of Montana, the Fort Berthold Reservation of northwestern North Dakota, and several small reserves in Saskatchewan and Manitoba, where their ancestors fled to "Grandmother's Land" (Canada) during the Minnesota or Black Hills War. Large numbers of Lakota also live in Rapid City and other towns in the Black Hills, and in Metro Denver.

Ethnonyms

The name Lakota comes from the Lakota autonym, lak^hóta "feeling affection, friendly, united, allied". The early French literature does not distinguish a separate Teton division, instead lumping them into a "Sioux of the West" group with other Santee and Yankton bands.

The names Teton and Tintowan comes from the Lakota name t^hít^hųwą (the meaning of which is obscure). This term was used to refer to the Lakota by non-Lakota Sioux groups. Other derivations include: Ti tanka, Tintonyanyan, Titon, Tintonha, Thintohas, Tinthenha, Tinton, Thuntotas, Tintones, Tintoner, Tintinhos, Ten-ton-ha, Thinthonha, Tinthonha, Tentouha, Tintonwans, Tindaw, Tinthow, Atintons, Anthontans, Atentons, Atintans, Atrutons, Titoba, Tetongues, Teton Sioux, Teeton, Ti toan, Teetwawn, Teetwans, Ti-t’-wawn, Ti-twans, Tit’wan, Tetans, Tieton, Teetonwan, etc.

As noted above, the early French sources call the Lakota Sioux with an additional modifier, such as Scioux of the West, West Schious, Sioux des prairies, Sioux occidentaux, Sioux of the Meadows, Nadooessis of the Plains, Prairie Indians, Sioux of the Plain, Maskoutens-Nadouessians, Mascouteins Nadouessi, and Sioux nomades.

Today many of the tribes continue to officially call themselves Sioux which the Federal Government of the United States applied to all Dakota/Lakota/Yankton/Yanktonai people in the 19th and 20th centuries. However, some of the tribes have formally or informally adopted traditional names: the Rosebud Sioux Tribe is also known as the Sicangu Oyate (Brule Nation), and the Oglala often use the name Oglala Lakota Oyate, rather than the English "Oglala Sioux Tribe" or OST. (The alternate English spelling of Ogallala is not considered proper.) The Lakota have names for their own subdivisions.

Social divisions

The Lakota historically had 7 "sub-tribes":

1. Brule
2. Oglala
3. Sans Arcs
4. Hunkpapa
5. Minneconjou
6. Blackfeet
7. Two Kettles

Bands

Brule:

1. Isaⁿyati
2. Watchihoutairhe
3. Tcoka
4. Wajaja
5. Minishanan
6. Kiyuksa
7. Watceŭⁿpa
8. Iyak’oza
9. Wam-bi-li´-ne-ca
10. Si-ćá-wi-pi
11. Ciyo Tañka
12. Ho-mna
13. Ciyo Subula
14. Kañ-xi Yuha
15. Pispiza Witcaca
16. Walexa Uⁿ Wohaⁿ
17. Cawala
18. Ihañktoⁿwaⁿ
19. Naqpaqpa
20. Apewaⁿtañka
21. Sitcaⁿ-xwu
22. Kak’exa
23. Hiⁿnaⁿcuⁿ-wapa
24. Cŭñkaha Nap’iⁿ
25. Hi-ha Kaⁿhaⁿhaⁿwiⁿ
26. Hŭñku Wanitca
27. Miniskuya Kitc’ŭⁿ
28. Ti Glabu
29. Wagluqe
30. Wagmeza Yuha
31. Oglala Itc’itcaxa
32. Tiyotcesli
33. Ieska Tciⁿtca
34. Ohe Noⁿpa
35. Okaxa Witcaca
36. Waqna

Oglala:

1. Oglala
2. She-o (aka. Chihaut)
3. Onkp’hatinas
4. K̄u-Inyan
5. Oyuqe (aka Oyuhpe)
6. Min-i-shá
7. Pe Cla Ptetcela
8. Payabya
9. Wajaja (aka Wajaje)
10. Kiyuksa (aka Kiyaksa)
11. Tapicletca
12. Ite Citca (aka Itesica)
13. Wagluqe (aka Wagluhe)
14. Wablenitca
15. Pe Cla
16. Tceq Huha Toⁿ
17. Tacnahetca
18. I Wayusota
19. Wakaⁿ
20. Iglaka Teqila
21. Ite Citca Etaⁿhaⁿ
22. Zuzetca Kiyaksa
23. Watceoⁿpe
24. Watcape
25. Tiyotcesli
26. Ieska Tciⁿtca

Sans Arcs:

1. Ta-shunk´-e-o-ta
2. Itaziptco Qtca (aka Mini-ca-la)
3. Cina Luta Oiⁿ
4. Woluta Yuta
5. Maz Pegnaka
6. Tatañka Tcesli
7. Cikcitcela
8. Tiyopa Otcaⁿnŭⁿpa

Hunkpapa:

1. Hunk´-pa-pa
2. Talo Nap’iⁿ
3. Tcegnake Okisela
4. Tce Oqba
5. Tcañka Oqaⁿ
6. Tinazipe Citca
7. Kiglacka
8. Cikcitcela
9. Wakaⁿ
10. Hŭⁿska Tcaⁿtojuha

Minneconjou:

1. Min-i-kaŋ́-źu
2. Tar-co-eh-parh (aka Tacohiropapais)
3. Wakpokiⁿyaⁿ
4. Iⁿyaⁿ-ha Oiⁿ
5. Wagleza Oiⁿ
6. Cŭñka Yute Cni
7. Uñktce Yuta
8. Glagla hetca
9. Cikcitcela

Blackfeet:

1. Siha Sapa Qtca
2. Ći-hú-pa
3. Pa-á-bi-a
4. Kaⁿxi Cŭⁿ Pegnaka
5. Glagla Hetca
6. Wajaje
7. Hohe
8. Wamnuxa Oiⁿ
9. Ti Zaptaⁿ

Two Kettles:

1. Wah-nee-wack-ata-o-ne-lar (aka Waniwacteonilla)
2. Oohe Noⁿpa
3. Ma Waqota

Notable persons include Tatanka Iyotake from the Hunkpapa band and Tasunka witko, Makhpyia-luta, Hehaka Sapa and Billy Mills from the Oglala band

Readers may want to consider that recently a body of evidence has shown that TASUNKA WITCO was Minneconjou.

Reservations

Today, one half of all Enrolled Sioux live off the Reservation.

Lakota reservations recognized by the US government include:

• Oglala (Pine Ridge Indian Reservation)
• Brulé (Rosebud Indian Reservation)
• Hunkpapa (Standing Rock/Cheyenne River)
• Miniconju (Cheyenne River)
• Sans Arc (Cheyenne River)
• Two-Kettle (Cheyenne River)
• Santee
• Yanktonai (Yankton)
• Flandreau
• Sisseton-Wahpehton
• Lower Sioux
• Upper Sioux
• Shakopee
• Prairie Island

See also

• Lakota language
• Lakota mythology

External links

• The Teton Sioux (Edward S. Curtis)
• Lakota Language Consortium
• Lakota Winter Counts a Smithsonian exhibit of the annual icon chosen to represent the major event of the past year

Bibliography

• Christafferson, Dennis M. (2001). Sioux, 1930-2000. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 821-839). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001a). Sioux until 1850. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 718-760). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
• DeMallie, Raymond J. (2001b). Teton. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 2, pp. 794-820). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.
• Hein, David. "Christianity and Traditional Lakota / Dakota Spirituality: A Jamesian Interpretation." The McNeese Review 35 (1997): 128-38.
• Parks, Douglas R.; & Rankin, Robert L. (2001). The Siouan languages. In R. J. DeMallie (Ed.), Handbook of North American Indians: Plains (Vol. 13, Part 1, pp. 94-114). W. C. Sturtevant (Gen. Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-050400-7.

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