Telugu
Webpages concerning "Telugu"
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Wikipedia-Article "Telugu"
| Telugu (తెలుగు) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | India | |||
| Region: | Andhra Pradesh and neighboring states | |||
| Total speakers: | 70 million native, 80 million total | |||
| Ranking: | 13–17 (native); in a near tie with Korean, Vietnamese, Marathi and Tamil | |||
| Genetic classification: | Dravidian South-central Telugu Telugu |
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| Official status | ||||
| Official language of: | India | |||
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-1: | te | |||
| ISO 639-2: | tel | |||
| ISO/DIS 639-3: | tel | |||
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Telugu (తెలుగు) belongs to the family of Dravidian languages(?) and is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.Telugu have been relatively more influenced by the Indo-European language Sanskrit. It is also one among the 23 official national languages of India. 19th century Englishmen called it the Italian of the East as all words in Telugu end with a vowel sound. It is also the second most widely spoken language in India, next only to Hindi.
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History
The Telugu script originated from the Old Kannada script. Old Kannada is essentially the continuation of the Kadamba script. It was used to write South Indian languages of Kannada and Telugu. In fact, Old Kannada is also known as the Kannada-Telugu script. Differentiation of the Old Kannada script into the modern scripts of Kannada and Telugu began as early as the 13th century CE, but the process did not finish until the early 19th century CE with the arrival of printing. Even so, Telugu and Kannada scripts have remained extremely similar.(ref: http://www.ancientscripts.com and http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm)
The oldest Telugu inscription is from 633 AD, and the literature begins with an 11th-century translation of the Sanskrit classic Mahabharata.
Andhra society is one of the ancient societies of India. One can encounter several tales about Andhras in epics like Mahabharatam and Ramayanam, in great puranas, and Budhdhist Jataka Tales. This confirms the ancient nature of Andhra society.The name Andhra is ancient and remained unchanged throughout history.
Telugu words appear in the Maharashtri Prakrit anthology of poems (the Gathasaptashathi) collected by the first century BC Satavahana King Hala. Telugu speakers were probably the older peoples inhabiting the land between Krishna and Godavari.
The first clear historical inscriptions in Telugu appear about the 7th century AD and known literature starts with Nannaya writing the Telugu Mahabharata in the 11th century AD. There has been prolific literature ever since, but the golden age is considered by many to be the 16th century, under the patronage of the Vijayanagar Emperor Krishna Deva Raya.
The western portion of the Telugu speaking lands came under the influence of Mughal rulers during and after the 14th century, and most recently by the Nizams of Hyderabad. Ancient Sanskrit, Persian and Urdu influences show most in the Telugu dialect from these regions. In 1956, 10 Nizam districts and four districts of Rayalaseema were merged to the so-called Northern Circar districts forming the modern telugu vernacular state of Andhra Pradesh.
Classification
Telugu is a member of the Dravidian family of languages (list). Some other languages in this family are:
The Chenchu language, Savara language, and Waddar language are tongues closely related to Telugu.
For a detailing of the features of the family of languages to which Telugu belongs, see Dravidian languages.
Geographic distribution
Telugu is mainly spoken in the state of Andhra Pradesh and a bit in the neighboring states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharastra, Orissa and Chhattisgarh in India, but it is also spoken in Bahrain, Fiji, Malaysia, Mauritius and the United Arab Emirates where there are large numbers of Telugu speaking expatriates. Telugu speaking Andhras have become a large and successful Indian community in the USA [1].
Official status
Telugu is one of the official languages of India. It is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh
Dialects
The dialects of Telugu identified by Ethnologue are Berad, Dasari, Dommara, Golari, Kamathi, Komtao, Konda-Reddi, Madiga Salewari, Telangana, Telugu, Vadaga, Vadari, Srikakula, Vishakapatnam, East Godavari, Rayalseema, Nellore and Guntur. In Tamil Nadu the Telugu dialect is classified into Salem, Coimbatore, Chennai Telugu dialects. It is also widely spoken in Virudhunagar, Tuticorin, Madurai and Thanjavur districts .
Derived languages
The dialect spoken in the area between Vijayawada (Krishna) and Rajahmundry (East Godavari) <Rajamahendri in ancient times> where the first Telugu scholar Nannaya Bhattaraka first wrote the script and other important works is considered the standard dialect. Nannaya has given Telugu a character and the form of language.
Sounds
Vowels
అ ఆ ఇ ఈ ఉ ఊ ఋ ౠ ఌ ౡ ఎ ఏ ఐ ఒ ఓ ఔ అ౦ అః
Consonants
క ఖ గ ఘ ఙ
చ ఛ జ ఝ ఞ
ట ఠ డ ఢ ణ
త థ ద ధ న
ప ఫ బ భ మ
య ర ల వ శ ష స హ ళ ఱ
Phonology
Historical sound changes
Grammar
In Telugu, Karta(కర్త) (nominative case or the doer), Karma(కర్మ)(object of the verb) and Kriya(క్రియ) (action or the verb) follow a sequence. This is one of the several reasons why Linguists classify Telugu as a Dravidian Language--this pattern found in other Dravidian languages but not in Sanskrit. Telugu also has the Vibhakthi(విభక్తి) (or preposition) tradition.
| Telugu - | Ramudu bantini kottadu రాముడు బంతిని కొట్టాడు |
| Literally - | రాముడు (Rama) బంతి (ball) కొట్టు(hit) |
| Reformatting it - | Rama hit the ball |
Telugu is often considered an agglutinative language, where certain syllables are added to the end of a noun in order to denote its case:
| Instrumental: | Ramunito | రామునితో | (తో; to) |
| Dative: | Ramuniki | రామునికి | (కి; ki) |
| Ablative: | Ramudininchi | రాముడినించి | (నించి; ninchi) |
| Genitive: | Ramuni | రాముని | (ని; ni) |
These agglutinations apply to all nouns generally in the singular and plural.
However, in the analysis above, many additional cases were missed. The cases below are found in few Indo-European languages but are common in Finno-Ugric languages.
Location
| Case | Usage | English Example | Telugu Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adessive case | adjacent location | near/at/by the house | ఇంటిపక్క |
| Inessive case | inside something | inside the house | ఇంట్లో |
| Locative case | location | at/on/in the house | ఇంటిదగ్గర |
| Superessive case | on the surface | on (top of) the house | ఇంటిపై |
Motion
| Case | Usage | English Example | Telugu Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Allative case | movement to (the adjacency of) something | to the house | íňŤíΚí
ఇంటివైపు |
| Delative case | movement from the surface | from (the top of) the house | ఇంటిపైనుంచి |
| Egressive case | marking the beginning of a movement or time | beginning from the house | ఇంటినుంచి (ఇంటికెల్లి in some dialects) |
| Elative case | out of something | out of the house | ఇంటిలోనుంచి (ఇంట్లకెల్లి in some dialects) |
| Illative case | movement into something | into the house | ఇంటిలోనికి (ఇంట్లోకి) |
| Prosecutive case | across or along | along the road | రోడ్డుపోంటి |
| Sublative case | movement onto the surface | on(to) the house | ఇంటిపైకి |
| Terminative case | marking the end of a movement or time | as far as the house | ఇంటివరకు |
Morphosyntactic alignment
| Case | Usage | English Example | Telugu Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oblique case | all-round case; any situation except nominative | concerning the house | ఇంటిగురించి |
Relation
| Case | Usage | English Example | Telugu Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Benefactive case | for, for the benefit of, intended for | for the house | ఇంటికోసం (ఇంటికొఱకు) |
| Causal case | because, because of | because of the house | ఇంటివలన |
| Comitative case | in company of something | with the house | ఇంటితో |
| Possessive case | direct possession of something | owned by the house | ఇంటియొక్క |
Inclusive/Exclusive Pronouns
Telugu exhibits one of the quirks of Dravidian languages: the bifurcation of the First Person Plural pronoun (we in English) into inclusive (మనము; manamu) and exclusive (మేము; memu) versions.
Vocabulary
Like all Dravidian languages, Telugu has a base (or lexicon) of words which are essentially Dravidian in origin. Words that describe objects or actions associated with common or everyday life -- like 'tala' (head), 'puli' (tiger), 'uru' (town/city) have cognates in other Dravidian languages and are indigenous to the Dravidian language family.
However, Telugu is also largely Sanskritized, that is, it has a wide variety of words of Sanskrit/Prakrit origin. This large Sanskrit influence can be attributed to many factors. One major influence was the rule of the Satavahana kings, who extensively used Prakrit as the official language of courts and government, whereas their subjects spoke Dravidian Telugu. Further, cultural exchange between the Indo-European Aryan peoples and the indigenous Dravidians was very common since ancient times. As is the case with most Indian languages, what is referred to as pure or 'shuddha' Telugu is almost exclusively based on Sanskrit.
Writing system
Main article: Telugu script
The Telugu (తెలుగు) script is believed to descend from the Brahmi script of the Ashokan era. Merchants took the Eastern Chalukyan Script to Southeast Asia where it parented the scripts of Mon, Burmese, Thai, Khmer, C"am, Javanese and Balinese languages. Their similarities to Telugu script can be discerned even today. Its appearance is quite similar to the Kannada script, its closest cousin..
Telugu script is written from left to right and consists of sequences of simple and/or complex characters. The script is largely syllabic in nature - the basic units of writing are syllables. Since the number of possible syllables is very large, syllables are composed of more basic units such as vowels (“achchu” or “swar”) and consonants (“hallu” or “vyanjan”). Consonants in consonant clusters take shapes which are very different from the shapes they take elsewhere. Consonants are presumed to be pure consonants, that is, without any vowel sound in them. However, it is traditional to write and read consonants with an implied 'a' vowel sound. When consonants combine with other vowel signs, the vowel part is indicated orthographically using signs known as vowel “maatras”. The shapes of vowel “maatras” are also very different from the shapes of the corresponding vowels.
The overall pattern consists of 60 symbols, of which 16 are vowels, 3 vowel modifiers, and 41 consonants. Spaces are used between words as word separators.
The sentence ends with either a single (“purna virama”) or a double bar (“deergh virama”).
They also have a set of symbols for numerals, though Arabic numbers are typically used.
Telugu is assigned Unicode codepoints: 0C00-0C7F (3072-3199).
Examples
ఒకటి - one
రెండు - Two
మూడు - Three
అమ్మ - Mother
ఆవు - Cow
ఇల్లు - House
ఈగ - HouseFly
Literature in Telugu
Main article: Telugu literature
The Vijayanagara dynasty produced a very prolific set of poets during the reign of Sri Krishnadevaraya. Tenali Ramakrishna, Dhoorjati and Allasani Peddana were Krishnadevaraya's court poets.
Sri Pothuluri Veerabrahmendra Swami (like his western counterpart Nostradamus) composed "Kalagnanam", the records of the past, present, and future.
The famous Indian literary epic, the Mahabharatha, was translated into telugu over a period of a few centuries by Nannaya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada. Nannaya is also credited to have participated in formalizing Telugu grammar. Pothana wrote the Bhagavatam that focuses on devotion to MahaVishnu and his avatars (incarnations).
A number of famous luminaries in classical Indian music called "Carnatic Music" wrote their works in telugu. Tyagaraja, Annamacharya and Kshetrayya are among a large number of contributors. Modern composers like Mysore Vasudevachari also chose Telugu as their medium of composition.
See also
- Telugu cinema
- List of Telugu films
- Languages of India
- List of national languages of India
- List of Indian languages by total speakers
External links
- TELUGU...a language sweeter than honey
- Telugus Abroad
- Ethnologue report for Telugu
- On-line English-Telugu Dictionaries (C. P. Brown's and V. Rao Vemuri's)
- On-line Telugu-English Dictionary(C.P.Brown)
- Telugu Language resources
- Telugu organizations in the USA.
- Romanised to Unicode Telugu transliterator
- Telugu Women Writers of the last millennium
- Padma - Mozilla extension for automatic transform to Unicode for Telugu web sites using dynamic fonts like Eenadu, Tikkana, Vaartha, Hemalatha, Andhra Jyothy, Andhra Prabha, Telugu Lipi etc.
- Padma - Unicode Transformer for Telugu Text in RTS, fonts like Eenadu, Tikkana, Vaartha, Hemalatha, Andhra Jyothy, Andhra Prabha etc.