Higher Education

Higher education is education provided by universities and other institutions that award academic degrees, such as community colleges, and liberal arts colleges.

Higher education includes both the teaching and the research activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education) and the graduate (or postgraduate) level (sometimes referred to as quaternary education or graduate school). Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as vocational education. However, most professional education is included within higher education, and many postgraduate qualifications are strongly vocationally or professionally oriented, for example in disciplines such as law and medicine.

In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy; it is often argued that in a modern economy the quantity and quality of such human capital is the most important factor underlying economic growth.

Working in higher education

Universities are fairly large employers. Depending on the funding, a university has a teacher per 3-20 students. According to the ideal of research-university, the university teaching staff is actively involved in the research of the institution. In addition, the university usually also has dedicated research staff and a considerable support staff. Typically to work in higher education as a member of the academic faculty, one must first obtain a doctorate in an academic field, although some lower teaching positions require only master's degree. Member of the staff or administration have usually such education that is necessary for the fulfilment of their duties. Typically institutes of the university have some technical support personnel and a secretary. Depending on the organization of the university, the main administration is more or less centralized. Typically most of the administrative staff works in different administrative sections, such as Student Affairs. In addition, there may be central support units, such as a university library which have a dedicated staff.

The professional field involving the collection, analysis, and reporting of higher education data is called institutional research. Professionals of this field can be found, in addition to universities, in e.g. state educational departments.

Further reading

Higher education in the United States

• Davies, Antony and Thomas W. Cline (2005). The ROI on the MBA, BizEd.

• El-Khawas, E. (1996). Campus trends. Washington, DC.: American Council on Education.

• Ewell, P.T. (1999). Assessment of higher education and quality: Promise and politics. In S.J. Messick (Ed.), Assessment in higher education: Issues of access, quality, student development, and public policy. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

• Finn, C. E. (1988, Jul.-Aug.). Judgment time for higher education: In the court of public opinion. Change, 20(4), 34-39.

• Green, Madeleine, F., ed. 1988. Leaders for a New Era: Strategies for Higher Education. New York: Macmillan.

• Snyder, Benson R. (1970). The Hidden Curriculum. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

• Veblen, Thorstein (1918). The Higher Learning in America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Businessmen. New York: Huebsch

• Forest, James and Kevin Kinser (2002). Higher Education in the United States: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.

Higher education in Canada

• Bakvis, Herman and David M. Cameron (2000), "Post-secondary education and the SUFA". IRPP.

External links

• Universities, Polytechnics and Colleges in Europe
• VidyaSoochika - Higher Education Opportunities
• Higher Education Resource Hub
• Encyclopedia of Higher Education in the United States
• How Minority Students Finance Their Higher Education
• Ensuring Quality and Productivity in Higher Education
• Writings on Higher Education Practice from the National University of Singapore
• Reform Initiatives in Higher Education
• Budgeting for Higher Education at the State Level: Enigma, Paradox, and Ritual
• Blue Ribbon Commissions and Higher Education
• Part Time MBA - Balancing Life, Work and School - Article
• American Council on Education
• Higher Education Research Institute
• Association for the Study of Higher Education