Journalists and Newspapers
Webpages concerning "Journalists and Newspapers"
|
The contents has been generating using technology developed by scientec.
Wikipedia-Article "Journalists"
A journalist is a person who practices journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events, trends, issues and people.
| Topics in Journalism. |
|---|
| Professional concepts |
|
Ethics & News values |
| Outside influence |
|
Infotainment & Celebrity |
| News media |
|
Newspapers & Magazines |
| Roles |
|
Journalists, Reporters, Editors, Anchors, Photojournalists, Visual journalists |
| Wiki Projects |
|
Journalism Project |
Reporters are one type of journalist. They create reports as a profession for broadcast or publication in mass media such as newspapers, television, radio, magazines, documentary film, and the Internet. Reporters find the sources for their work, their reports can be either spoken or written, and they are generally expected to report in the most objective and unbiased way to serve the public good.
Depending on the context, the term journalist also includes various types of editors and visual journalists, such as photographers, graphic artists, and page designers.
Contents |
Origin and scope of the term
In the early 19th century, journalist simply meant someone who wrote for journals, such as Charles Dickens in his early career. In the past century it has come to mean a writer for newspapers and magazines as well.
Many people consider journalist interchangeable with reporter, a person who gathers information and creates a written report, or story. However, this overlooks many other types of journalists, including columnists, leader writers, photographers, editorial designers, and sub-editors (British) or copy editors (American). The only major distinction is that designers, writers and art directors who work exclusively on advertising material - that is, material in which the content is shaped by the person buying the ad, rather than the publication - are not considered journalists.
Regardless of medium, the term journalist carries a connotation or expectation of professionalism in reporting, with consideration for truth and ethics although in some areas, such as the downmarket, scandal-led tabloids, the standards are deliberately negated.
18th-century journalists
- Joseph Addison - wrote many of the finest pieces in Steele's publications713-14), The Monitor (1714), The Manufacturer (1719-21), The Commentator (1720) and The Director (1720-1)
- Daniel Defoe - as editor of the Review, he can claim to have invented many of the most popular formats, including the eye-witness report, the travel piece and the strongly opinionated column. Defoe's Review began publication on February 19, 1704, and lasted until June 11, 1713. He was also involved in several other periodicals, including The Master Mercury (1704), Mercator: or, Commerce Retrieved
- Richard Steele - founded and edited London-based periodicals including The Guardian and The Spectator in the early 1700s.
19th-century journalists
- Nellie Bly (1865-1922) - undercover reporter
- William Cowper Brann (1855-1898) - colorful editor of the Iconoclast in Waco, Texas
- Samuel Taylor Coleridge - political essayist, poet, and reporter
- Charles Dickens (1812-1870) - started as a shorthand writer logging debates in the courts and Houses of Parliament before becoming a Parliamentary journalist
- Henry Dunckley (1823- 1896), editor of Manchester Examiner and Times
- Pierce Egan (1772-1849) - early sportswriter and reporter on popular culture
- Rudyard Kipling (1865-1956) - newspaper editor and correspondent in India
- Jacob Riis (1849-1914) - journalist and slum reformer
- Anne Newport Royall - crusading reporter, author, newspaper publisher, first journalist to publish an interview with a sitting US President
- George Augustus Henry Sala (1828-1895) - editor and columnist
20th-century print journalists
- Adams (1871-1958) - American investigative journalist
- Jack Anderson - considered one of the fathers of investigative reporting
- Pierre Berton (1920-2004 -- colourful Klondike-born vocal Canadian nationalist figure and longtime journalist, author-historian, and broadcaster
- Herb Caen - a Pulitzer Prize-winning columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle from the late 1930s until his passing in 1997
- Winston Churchill (1874-1965) war correspondent in the Boer War, captured by the Boers
- Claud Cockburn (1904-1981) radical Irish journalist
- C.P. Connolly (1863-1935) radical American investigative journalist associated for many years with Collier's Weekly.
- Paul Foot (1938-2004)
- Allan Fotheringham - witty and influential Canadian journalist and commentator for the Vancouver Sun, Maclean's Magazine and the Globe and Mail.
- Martha Gellhorn (1908-1998) war correspondent
- Carl Gordon (1931-2002) - West of Scotland based Journalist and columnist for The Glasgow Herald
- Emily Hahn (1905-1997) - wrote extensively on China
- John L. Hess (1917-2005) - journalist, food critic for the New York Times
- Bruce Hutchison (1901-1992) - long-time editor of the Vancouver Sun and writer/reporter for the Winnipeg Free Press and the Victoria Times, and editor of several books; considered the dean of British Columbian journalists
- Pauline Kael (1919-2001) - film critic for The New Yorker
- Andrew Kopkind (1935-1994) - radical American journalist wrote extensively social movements in the 1960s
- Will Lang Jr. (1914-1968) staff reporter and bureau head for Time and Life magazines
- A.J. Liebling (1904-1963) American journalist closely associated with The New Yorker
- Walter Lippmann (1889-1974)
- Jonathan Meades
- H.L. Mencken (1880-1956) - essayist, critic, and editor of The Baltimore Sun
- Margaret Lally "Ma" Murray (1908-1982)- editor and co-publisher of the outspoken and colourful backcountry newspaper, the Bridge River-Lillooet News and, later, the Alaska Highway News
- George Orwell (1903-1950), reported on poverty, misery, and the Spanish Civil War
- Robert Palmer (1945-1997) - first full-time, chief pop music critic for The New York Times, Rolling Stone contributing editor
- Daniel Pearl - acclaimed war correspondent
- William Rees-Mogg - editor of The Times newspaper from 1967 to 1981
- James ("Scotty") Reston (1909-1995), political commentator for the New York Times
- Edward Said (1935-2003) - essayist, Palestinian activist
- Paul Saint Pierre - (1923-present) - reporter, columnist, commentator in the Vancouver Sun and nationally across Canada, also a long-time Member of Parliament
- George Seldes (1890-1995), American journalist, editor and publisher of In Fact
- George Bernard Shaw - better known as a playwright, but influential as a music writer and wrote other forms of journalism
- Randy Shilts - reporter for The Advocate and San Francisco Chronicle
- Edgar Snow, pro-socialist journalist and writer, chronicled the Chinese revolution
- I.F. Stone (1907-1989), investigative journalist, publisher of I.F. Stone's Weekly
- Anna Louise Strong, pro-socialist journalist and writer
- Bob Woodward - Washington Post reporter, helped uncover the Watergate scandal of President Richard Nixon, in a historical journalistic partnership with Carl Bernstein; earned two Pulitzer Prizes
- Jack Wasserman - social/celebrity and politicial columnist for the Vancouver Sun beginning in 1949; Western Canada's equivalent to Walter Winchell
- Gary Webb - best known for his 1996 "Dark Alliance" investigative report series, in which he posited a connection between Nicaraguan Contras, the US military, and crack cocaine distribution in American cities
- Walter Winchell (1897-1972), American political columnist, radio broadcaster
20th-century broadcast journalists
- Lowell Bergman, a television producer for the CBS news magazine 60 Minutes; best known for investigating the tobacco industry
- David Brinkley, television anchor and interview show host on the American networks ABC and NBC
- Tom Brokaw, television journalist and former anchor and managing editor of The NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw
- Deborah Byrd, creator and lead producer of the daily Earth & Sky science radio series.
- Vernon Corea, a pioneering radio journalist and announcer with Radio Ceylon/SLBC and the BBC
- Walter Cronkite, former United Press correspondent, TV anchor for CBS News in the 50s, 60s
- Bob Edwards, anchor of Morning Edition on National Public Radio from 1979-2004
- Abraham Gubler, a television producer, magazine editor, journalist and broadcaster; best known for coverage of Iraq War
- Peter Jennings, television anchor for ABC
- Jim Lehrer, anchor of The Newshour with Jim Lehrer
- Dan Rather, succeeded Cronkite as managing editor and primary anchor of the CBS Evening News
- Edward R. Murrow, CBS News radio correspondent in London Blitz, maker of TV documentaries, noted interviewer
- Sorious Samura, CNN TV documentary maker from Sierra Leone
- Fritz Spiegl, popularizer of classical music for the BBC
- Brian Williams, succeeded Brokaw as managing editor and anchor of The NBC Nightly News
- Bill O'Reilly, anchor of The O'Reilly Factor on FoxNews
Internet-only journalists
In recent years the numbers of journalists publishing only on the Internet, as opposed to print or broadcast journalists whose work also appears online, has grown enormously. Some of the best-known include:
- Ana Marie Cox - works under the name Wonkette, known for humorous coverage of politics and life in Washington, D.C.
- Matt Drudge - The first famous Internet-only journalist for his work around scandals of the Clinton administration, in the United States.
- Richard Menta - Editor at MP3 Newswire and MP3.com
- Roxanne Blanford- Online entertainment journalist covering music and film, see All Music Guide, RottenTomatoes.com,MusicMatch.com, SlantMagazine.com, and many others
Journalists writing fiction
There are many examples of journalists who made their mark writing fiction or other non-journalism, including:
- Anthony Burgess, who wrote vast quantities of reviews and was famously fired as literary critic of the Yorkshire Post
- Amanda Craig, who writes satirical novels about English society
- Joan Didion
- Frederick Forsyth
- David Gates, who wrote about books and music for Newsweek
- Graham Greene who worked originally as sub-editor on The Times
- Carl Hiaasen, who writes about the corruption and glitter of Miami and Miami Beach, which he also covered as a reporter.
- Arturo Pérez Reverte and Manuel Leguineche were war correspondents before becoming successful Spanish novelists.
- Susan Sontag
- Calvin Trillin, who has written several humorous novels
- Tom Wolfe
Modern journalists
The explosion of modern media, including the creation of Internet-based news sources and the possibility that citizen journalism will greatly expand the field, has made it all but impossible to identify which journalists are notable, in the sense that they could be identified in the past.
See also
- Canadian Journalists for Free Expression
- Copy editor
- Editor
- Foreign correspondent
- International Freedom of Expression Exchange - monitors attacks on journalists
- Inverted pyramid - generally accepted method for composing a news story
- Investigative journalist
- Journalism scandals
- Lists of authors
- Muckraker
- Newsroom
- Objectivity (journalism)
- Reporters sans frontières (Reporters Without Borders)
- Scientific journalist
- Society of Professional Journalists - US professional organization
- Sportswriter
- War correspondent
External links
- Canadian Association of Journalists
- International Federation of Journalists
- National Union of Journalists (UK)&(ROI)
- Media, Arts and Entertainment Alliance (Australia)
- Journalism.org: The Online Home of the Project for Excellence in Journalism and the Committee of Concerned Journalists
- Investigative Reporters and Editors
- JournalistID International Database
- Committee to Protect Journalists
- The Investigative Guide to Internet Research
- "The write stuff". The Age. March 21, 2005. Two reasons for being a journalist: curiosity and love of writing.
- What Makes a Journalist? - March 5, 2005 article in support of blogging as a form of journalism.
Wikipedia-Article "Newspapers"
A newspaper is a publication containing news and information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly. The first printed newspaper was published in 1605.
The newspaper industry survived competition from 20th-century technologies, especially radio and television, but 21st-century developments on the Internet are posing major threats.
General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news. Those can include political events, crime, business, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Many also include weather news and forecasts. Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; use editorial cartoonists, usually to illustrate writing that is opinion, rather than news; and also often include comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords and horoscopes.
Contents |
Overview
A daily newspaper is issued every day, often with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday, and where they exist Sunday, editions of daily newspapers tend to be large, include more specialized sections, and cost more.
Weekly newspapers are also common and tend to be smaller and less prestigious than daily papers. However, those Sunday newspapers that do not have weekday editions are not considered to be weekly newspapers, and are generally equivalent in size and prestige to daily newspapers.
Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions of USA Today in the United States and The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as The New York Times, The Washington Post, and The Toronto Star can fill the role of de facto national newspapers.
The owner of the newspaper, or person in charge, is the publisher. The person responsible for content is the editor, editor in chief, or executive editor.
Newspapers have been developed around very narrow topic areas, such as news for merchants in a specific industry, fans of particular sports, fans of the arts or of specific artists, and participants in the same sorts of activities or lifestyles.
Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning.
Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect new adstacks, or may contain region specific news. In rare instances (i.e. Thursday school lunch menus) the ad stack may stet but the editorial change for regional content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel.
Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The adstack usually remains stet (with the exception of zoned regionals, often the B section). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press.
History
see also
According to the World Association of Newspapers:
59 BC: Regular publications have been created and distributed by governments for millennia, including Acta Diurna, a listing of events ordered by Julius Caesar in ancient Rome.
A.D. 713: The first newspaper, Mixed News in Kaiyuan, was published as a hand-written newssheet in Beijing, China. Kaiyuan was the name given to the year in which the paper was published.
1605: Johann Carolus published the first printed newspaper Relation aller fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien (Collection of all distinguished and commemorable news) in Strasbourg, now in France but at the time an independent city within the (mostly) German-speaking Holy Roman Empire. In the same year Abraham Verhoeven of Antwerp (Low Countries/Belgium) publishes Nieuwe Tydingen (source : Encyclopaedia Britannica).The continuous publication of the Nieuwe Tijdingen indicates that the demand for newspapers soon became well-established.
1621: The first English-language private newspaper, The Corante, was first published, in London.
1631: La Gazette, the first French newspaper, was founded.
1632: Courante uyt Italien ende Duytschlandt, the first Dutch newspaper, was founded.
1645: the oldest newspaper still in circulation, Post-och Inrikes Tidningar of Sweden, began publishing.
1650: The world's first daily printed newspaper, Einkommende Zeitungen (Incoming news) founded in Leipzig, Germany.
1665: The oldest surviving English newspaper, The London Gazette begins publication.
1666: The first Danish newspaper, Den Danske Mercurius is published in Ribe by Anders Bording.
1690: Worcester Post-Man founded, which became Berrow's Worcester Journal in 1753, The Worcester Post-Man/Berrow's Worcester Journal is the world's oldest surviving unofficial newspaper. Also, Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick in Boston became the first newspaper published in British North America. It was suppressed after one issue.
1701: (September 6) Estimated first issue of the Norwich Post in England, which was probably the first provincial newspaper.
1702: The first English daily newspaper, the Daily Courant, was founded by Samuel Buckley on 11 March. (Publication ceased in 1735).