Diego Garcia
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Wikipedia-Article "Diego Garcia"
This article refers to the atoll. For the musician, see Diego Garcia (music).
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Diego Garcia (7°19'S, 72°25'E) is a 44 square kilometre (17 square mile) atoll located in the heart of the Indian Ocean. It is the largest of fifty-two islands which form the Chagos Archipelago. It is a British overseas territory, part of the British Indian Ocean Territory (BIOT). It is situated some 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) south of India's southern coast.
The atoll is now covered in luxuriant tropical vegetation, with little sign left of the copra and coconut plantations that used to cover it. The island is 60 kilometres long, with a maximum elevation of 7 metres (22 feet), and nearly encloses a lagoon some 20 kilometres long and up to 9 kilometres wide. Depths in the lagoon range from 20 to 30 metres, while numerous coral heads extend toward the surface and form hazards to navigation. Shallow reefs surround the island on the ocean side as well as within the lagoon. The channel and anchorage area are dredged, while the old turning basin can also be used if depth is sufficient for ship type. In quiet waters of the lagoon, the brilliantly coloured tropical fish can be admired.
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Climate
Annual rainfall averages 2600mm (102 inches) with the heaviest precipitation occurring from October to February, though even the driest month (August) averages 105mm (4.2 inches). Temperatures are generally close to 30 °C (high 80s Fahrenheit) by day, falling to the low 20s (degrees Celsius) by night. Humidity is high throughout the year. However the almost constant breezes keep conditions reasonably comfortable.
Diego Garcia is at risk from tropical cyclones. The surrounding topography is low and does not provide an extensive wind break. However since the 1960s, the island has not been seriously affected by a severe tropical cyclone, even though it has often been threatened. The maximum sustained wind associated with a tropical cyclone in the period 1970-2000 at Diego Garcia has been approximately 40 knots (75 km/h).
The island and base were unaffected by the tsunami caused by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. Service personnel on the island reported only a minor increase in wave activity. The island was protected by its favourable ocean topography. East of the atoll lies the 650-kilometre-long Chagos Trench, an underwater canyon plunging more than 5000 metres. The depth of the trench and its grade to the shore makes it difficult for tsunami to build before passing the atoll. In addition, undersea coral reefs may have dissipated much of the waves' impact[1].
On November 30, 1983 a magnitude 7 earthquake 55 km north-west of the island spawned a small tsunami resulting in a 1.5 m rise in wave height in the Diego Garcia lagoon, jointly causing some damage to buildings, piers and the runway. [2].
History
Portuguese explorers discovered Diego Garcia in the early 1500s. The island's name is believed to have come from either the ship's captain or the navigator on that early voyage of discovery. The islands remained uninhabited until the 18th century when the French established copra plantations with the help of slave labor. Diego Garcia became a possession of Great Britain after the Napoleonic wars, and from 1814 to 1965 it was a dependency of Mauritius.
In 1965, the Chagos Islands, which include Diego Garcia, were detached from Mauritius to form part of the British Indian Ocean Territories (BIOT). In 1966, the crown bought the islands and plantations, which had been under private ownership and which had not been profitable with the introduction of new oils and lubricants. In 1971 the plantations were closed due to the agreement between the UK/US to make Diego Garcia available to the US as a military base in exchange for a significant discount in the UK's acquisition of US nuclear Trident missiles for submarines. The islands inhabitants, known as the Ilois, were displaced by governmental members of the crown to either the Seychelles or Mauritius.
Now, Diego Garcia is home to a military base jointly operated by the United States and the United Kingdom, although in practice it is largely run as a US base, with only a small number of British forces and Royal Overseas Police Officers (ROPOs). No other economic activity is now allowed. [3]. The base serves as a naval refuelling and support station. It is also equipped with airfields that support even the largest of modern aircraft. B-52s and other bombers have been deployed from Diego Garcia on missions to Iraq during the 1990 Gulf War, and to Afghanistan in the 2001 U.S. Attack on Afghanistan. High-tech portable shelters to support the B-2 bomber were built on the island before the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
Neither the US nor the UK recognises Diego Garcia as being subject to the African Nuclear Weapons Free Zone Treaty, even though the rest of the Chagos Archipelago is included, suggesting the US wishes to maintain the freedom to base nuclear weapons there.
The 70-year agreement between the UK and US for the US to use the island as a military base was made in 1966. Between 1967 and 1973 the British Government forcibly removed some 2,000 Ilois resident islanders to make way for the military base. The inhabitants were the descendents of 18th century workers, but they were not classified as indigenous residents by the British Government.
Politics
In 2000 the British High Court granted the islanders the right to return to the Archipelago and granted them UK citizenship. In 2002 the islanders and their descendants, now numbering 4,500, returned to court claiming compensation, after what they said were two years of delays by the British Foreign Office. However, on 10 June 2004 the British government made two Orders-in-Council forever banning the islanders from returning home[4], reversing the 2000 court decision. Some of the Ilois are making return plans to turn Diego Garcia into a sugarcane and fishing enterprise as soon as the defence agreement expires (some see this as early as 2016). A few dozen other Ilois are still fighting to be housed in the UK[5].
Human rights groups claim that the military base is used by the US government for interrogation of prisoners (with methods illegal in the US). The British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw has stated in parliament that US authorities have repeatedly assured him that no detainees have passed in transit through Diego Garcia or have disembarked there [6].
External links
- Official site of the United States Navy Support Facility, Diego Garcia.
- Spreading democracy, by any means necessary. the US/UK and Diego Garcia
- Photo and written library of the islands and their environment
- Diego Garcia "Camp Justice", GlobalSecurity.org
- US/UK BIOT defence agreements, 1966-1982, US Court filing
| edit | Atolls of the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory) |  |
| Atolls with land area: Diego García | Egmont Islands | Peros Banhos | Salomon Islands | Great Chagos Bank | Blenheim Reef | Speakers Bank | ||
| Totally submerged atolls: Colvocoresses Reef | Benares Shoals | Victory Bank | Cauvin Bank | Pitt Bank | Ganges Bank | Wight Bank | Centurion Bank | Owen Bank | ||