Earth Sciences
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Wikipedia-Article "Earth Sciences"
Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences), is an all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, being the only known life-bearing planet. There are both reductionist and holistic approaches to Earth science. The major historic disciplines use physics, geography, mathematics, chemistry, and biology to build a quantitative understanding of the principal areas or spheres of the Earth system:
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Earth's spheres
- Geology covers the rocky parts of the Earth (or lithosphere) including the planet's core, mantle, and crust. Major subdisciplines are geophysics, geochemistry, paleontology, petrology, stratigraphy and sedimentology.
- Soil science covers the outermost layer of the Earth's crust that is subject to soil formation processes (or pedosphere). Major subdisciplines include edaphology and pedology.
- Oceanography, limnology, and hydrology describe the marine and freshwater domains of the watery parts of the Earth (or hydrosphere). Major subdisciplines include hydrogeology and physical, chemical, and biological oceanography.
- Atmospheric sciences cover the gaseous parts of the Earth (or atmosphere).
- Glaciology covers the icy parts of the Earth (or cryosphere)
However, given the numerous interactions between the spheres many modern fields take an interdisciplinary approach and thus do not sit comfortably in this scheme:
Interdisciplinary fields
- Biogeochemistry follows the cycling of elements through the spheres mediated by biological and geological processes, and especially their distribution and fluxes between reservoirs.
- Mineralogy and Mineral Physics consider the rock-forming minerals on the atomic length-scale, both as part of geosystems and increasingly with an eye towards technological applications (for instance, as catalysts or exploiting their potential ferroelectric properties); in this, there is extensive and increasing overlap with solid-state physics, crystal chemistry and Materials Science.
- Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology use the properties of sediments, ice cores, or biological material to infer past states of the ocean, atmosphere or climate.
Furthermore, other modern disciplines known collectively as Earth system science approach the entire Earth as a system in its own right, which evolves as a result of positive and negative feedback between constituent systems:
- Meteorology describes, explains and predicts the weather based on the interaction of principally the ocean and atmosphere.
- Climatology describes and explains the climate in terms of the interaction of the litho-, pedo-, hydro-, atmo-, cryo-, and bio- spheres.
- Gaia theories explain the behaviour of the Earth system in terms of the influence of the biosphere.
Like all other scientists, earth scientists apply the scientific method: formulate hypotheses after observation of and gathering data about natural phenomena and then test those hypotheses. In earth science, data usually plays a critical role in testing and formulating hypotheses. The systems approach, enabled by the combined use of computer models as hypotheses tested by global satellite and ship-board data, is increasingly giving scientists the ability to explain the past and possible future behaviour of the Earth system.
Partial list of the major Earth Science topics
Geology
- Cataclysmic Geology
- Economic geology
- Engineering geology
- Environmental geology
- Gemology
- Geochemistry
- Geochronology
- Geomagnetics
- Geomicrobiology
- Geomorphology
- Geophysics
- Geostatistics
- Historical geology
- Hydrogeology
- Mantle plumes
- Micropaleontology
- Mining
- Paleontology
- Palynology
- Petroleum geology
- Petrology
- Physical geodesy
- Planetary geology
- Plate tectonics
- Quaternary geology
- Sedimentology
- Seismology
- Stratigraphy
- Structural geology
- Tectonics
- Volcanology
Soil science
Oceanography
- Physical oceanography
- Chemical oceanography
- Biological oceanography
- Paleoceanography
- Marine Geology
- Marine Geophysics
Geography
Limnology
Glaciology
Atmospheric Science
Systems or multidisciplinary
See also
| General subfields within the Natural sciences |
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| Astronomy | Biology | Chemistry | Earth Sciences | Ecology | Physical Science | Physics |