Beekeeping
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Wikipedia-Article "Beekeeping"
Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, a bee) is the practice of intentional maintenance of honeybee hives by humans. A beekeeper may keep bees in order to collect honey and beeswax, or for the purpose of pollinating crops, or to produce bees for sale to other beekeepers. A location where bees are kept is called an apiary.
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History of beekeeping
Beekeeping is one of the oldest forms of food production. Some of the earliest evidence of beekeeping is from rock painting, dating to around 13,000 BC. It was particularly well developed in Egypt and was discussed by the Roman writers Virgil, Gaius Julius Hyginus, Varro and Columella.
Traditionally beekeeping was done for the bees' honey harvest, although nowadays crop pollination service can often provide a greater part of a commercial beekeeper's income. Other hive products are pollen, royal jelly and propolis, which are also used for nutritional and medicinal purposes, and wax which is used in candlemaking, cosmetics, wood polish and for modelling. The modern use of hive products has not changed much.
Western honeybees are not native to the Americas. American, Australian and New Zealand colonists imported honeybees from Europe, partly for honey and partly for their usefulness as pollinators. The first honey bee species imported were likely European dark bees. Later italian bees, carniolan honeybees and caucasian bees were added.
Western honeybees were also brought to the Primorsky Krai in Russia by Ukrainian settlers around 1850s. These Russian honey bees that are similar to the Carniolan bee were imported into the US in 1990. The Russian honey bee has shown to be more resistant to the bee parasites, Varroa destructor and Acarapis woodi.
Prior to the 1980s, most US hobby beekeepers were farmers or relatives of a farmer, lived in rural areas, and kept bees with techniques passed down for generations. The arrival of tracheal mites in the 1980s and varroa mites and small hive beetles in the 1990s removed most of these beekeepers because they did not know how to deal with the new parasites and their bees died.
In Asia other species of Apis exist which are used by local beekeepers for honey and beeswax. Non-Apis species of honeybees, known collectively as stingless bees, have also been kept from antiquity in Australia and Central America, although these traditions are dying, and the trigonine and meliponine species used are endangered.
Types of beekeepers
There are several types of beekeepers:
- Hobbyists — have a different day job but find beekeeping fun as just a hobby.
- Sideliners — have other income but moonlight as "beekeepers" for extra money.
- Commercial — beekeeping is their only source of income.
The modern hobby beekeeper is more likely to be a suburbanite: he or she tends to be a member of an active bee club, and is well-versed on modern techniques.
Some southern US and southern hemisphere (New Zealand) beekeepers keep bees primarily to raise queens and package bees for sale. In the US, northern beekeepers can buy early spring queens and 3- or 4-pound packages of live worker bees from the South to replenish hives that die out during the winter.
In cold climates commercial beekeepers have to migrate with the seasons, hauling their hives on trucks to gentler southern climates for better wintering and early spring build-up. Many make "nucs" (small starter or nucleus colonies) for sale or replenishment of their own losses during the early spring. In the US some may pollinate squash or cucumbers in Florida or make early honey from citrus groves in Florida, Texas or California. The largest demand for pollination comes from the almond groves in California. As spring moves northward so do the beekeepers, to supply bees for tree fruits, blueberries, strawberries, cranberries and later vegetables. Some commercial beekeepers alternate between pollination service and honey production but usually cannot do both at the same time.
In the Northern Hemisphere, beekeepers usually harvest honey from July until September, though in warmer climates the season can be longer. The rest of the year is spent keeping the hive free of pests and disease, and ensuring that the bee colony has room in the hive to expand. Success for the hobbyist also depends on locating the apiary so bees have a good nectar source and pollen source throughout the year.
In the Southern Hemisphere, beekeeping is an all-the-year-round enterprise, although in cooler areas (to the south of Australia and New Zealand) the activity may be minimal in the winter (May to August). Consequently, the movement of commercial hives is more localised in these areas.
Protective clothing
When interacting with the bees, novice beekeepers usually wear protective clothing (including gloves and a hooded suit or hat and veil). Experienced beekeepers do not use gloves because they make movement clumsy and can transmit disease from one hive to another. The face and neck are the most important areas to protect, so most beekeepers will at least wear a veil. Bees are calmed with a puff of smoke, triggering a feeding response in anticipation of possible hive abandonment due to fire and masking any alarm pheromone, before the beekeeper opens the hive. Knowledge of bee behavior is the beekeeper's first line of defense. Smoke is the beekeepers second line of defense; protective clothing provides remarkably little protection from agitated bees.
Source: The Hive and the Honey Bee, Dadant & Sons, Hamilton IL, ISBN 0-915698-09-9
Types of beekeeping equipment
The bees are usually kept in a Langstroth hive, that is wooden boxes, or supers, filled with frames that each hold a sheet of wax or plastic foundation: the bees produce wax and build honeycomb using the wax sheets as a starting point, after which they may raise brood or deposit honey and pollen in the cells of the comb. These frames can be freely manipulated and honey supers with frames full of honey can be taken and extracted for their honey crop.
A few hobby beekeepers are adapting various top-bar hives commonly found in Africa. These have no frames and the honey filled comb is not returned to the hive after extraction, as it is in the Langstroth hive. Because of this the production of honey in a top bar hive is only about 20% that of a Langstroth hive, but the initial costs and equipment requirements are far lower. Top-bar hives also offer some advantages in interacting with the bees.
See also
- Africanized bee - a hybrid bee with characteristics unsuitable for beekeeping.
- Apiary - a yard where behives are kept
- Apitherapy - human therapy using bee venom
- Bee - a member of the family that includes ants, wasps, and termites
- Bee anatomy (mouth)
- Bee learning and communication
- Bee sting
- Bee venom therapy - also called apitherapy
- Beehive - a housing for cavity-dwelling bees that allows inspection and honey removal
- Beekeeping - bees are kept for their products (principally honey), and their utility in pollenating crops
- Beekeeping leading practices - newer techniques of beekeeping
- Brood (honeybee) - the egg, larval, and pupal form of the bee and the comb in which they develop
- Buckfast hybrid bee - a productive bee suitable for damp and cloudy climes.
- Characteristics of common wasps and bees
- Deseret - the beehive and its symbolism to the Church of Later-Day Saints (Mormons)
- Drone bee - the male bee
- Diseases of the honeybee
- Honeybee - bees particularly suitable for use in apiculture
- Honeybee life cycle - the physical stages in the development of a mature bee starting from the egg
- Laying worker bee - this worker will produce only drone bees
- Langstroth_hive - commonly seen in developed countries as stacks of white boxes at the edges of fields and orchards
- List of honeybee races
- Pesticide toxicity to bees
- Piping queen - queens will make audible sounds at certain times
- Stingless bees - Trigona and Melipona bees kept from ancient times in Central America and Australia
- Swarming - the means by which bee colonies propagate
- Supercedure - replacement of a reigning queen by her workers
- Queen bee - a single egg laying bee capable of producing workers, drones, and queens
- Top-bar hive - an alternative to the Langsthroth box hive, with some advantages for casual beekeeping
- Virgin queen - A queen that has not yet bred with drones
- Western honeybee European honeybees
- Worker bee - the many tasks performed by this class of bee during her short lifetime and her specialized single-use stinger
External links
- The American Beekeeping Federation
- The British Beekeepers' Association
- National Beekeepers Association of New Zealand
- International Bee Research Association
- Apimondia - the international federation of beekeepers assocations