Laboratories and Consultants
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Wikipedia-Article "Laboratories"
A laboratory (often abbreviated lab) is a place where scientific research and experiments are conducted. A lab can hold space for one to thirty, or more, researchers depending on the size of the room and state mandated maximum occupancy limit.
All laboratories share some common features, mainly laboratory equipment and laboratory glassware: Usually, they have at least one fume hood. Toxic and hazardous chemicals can be safely handled in a fume hood. This reduces, and usually eliminates, the risk of inhalation of toxic gases produced by the reaction of chemicals. Laboratories usually have a sink for handwashing. A fire extinguisher is located in a laboratory, as well as a fire blanket, to help exterminate fire in the event of an accident. There is also an eye wash station and an overhead shower in the event that chemicals gain access onto clothes, skin, or eyes. The exceptions to this would include certain engineering and physics laboratories, which usually do not include glassware, hoods, and toxic chemicals.
Supporting the laboratory is usually a stock room, or preparation room, where dry and wet chemicals are stored. This stockroom prepares all the reagents (acids, bases, buffers) of various quantities and concentrations, as well as orders and distributes supplies (glassware, chemicals, personal protective equipment) to the laboratory. In an engineering or physics laboratory, the stock room or preparation rooms are generally used for storing of equipment and repair facilities.
When researchers perform chemical or biological experiments in the laboratory they use pure phases and sterile reagents. Impure chemicals undergo purification first, then are used in an experiment; non-sterile reagents are first autoclaved before use. Impure, and non sterile reagents interfere with experiments causing undesired results.
The equipment and orientation of a laboratory will ultimately depend on its purpose. University laboratories, as well as chemistry and biochemistry laboratories will contain myriad glassware. In these laboratories, general experiments will be performed to isolate or purify compounds, or perform research to gain new knowledge on a given compound or scientific idea.
Other common laboratory equipment includes centrifuges to remove solid particles from a liquid, or create a density gradient, spectrophotometers to accurately measure the optical absorbance of a liquid and a particular wavelength (measure its colour), aspirators for providing suction, and water baths that maintain a substance at a particular temperature.
While there is a typical set of glassware used for conducting various experiments, other laboratories have different requirements and arrangements.
Microbiology laboratories usually have separate rooms with negative pressure to prevent the breathing in of harmful bacteria. Air is often passed through a number of filters and then repumped into the room.
Laboratories designed for processing specimens, such as environmental research or medical laboratories will have specialised machinery (automated analysers) designed to process many samples and numerous tests. Research and experimentation is not a priority in these laboratories; the aim is to give a fast and reliable result.
Laboratory Safety
While laboratories differ in purpose and function, safety is always a key issue.
Below is a list of standard, good laboratory practices:
- Wear goggles or safety glasses at all times.
- Wear gloves.
- Wear a safety apron where appropriate.
- Try not to breathe or inhale any chemicals.
- Wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds after contact with chemicals.
- Do not eat or drink while in the laboratory (to avoid accidental ingestion of dangerous chemicals).
- Do not taste, eat, or drink any chemical in the laboratory.
- Read and understand experiment procedures before beginning any experiment.
- Dispose of chemicals properly (the sink is generally not the correct place).
- Ensure gas lines are shut off before leaving the laboratory.
- Do not attempt to undertake experiments or procedures unless a trained chemist or scientist is present.
See also:
Wikipedia-Article "Consultants"
A consultant (from the latin consultus meaning "legal expert") is a professional who provides expert advice in a particular domain or area of expertise such as accountancy, technology, the law, human resources, marketing, medicine, finance, public affairs, communication, or more esoteric areas of knowledge, for example engineering of different kinds, scientific specialties such as materials science, instrumentation, avionics, and stress analysis.
A consultant is also the most senior medical position (e.g., a consultant surgeon).
Ways in which consultants work
Often a consultant provides expertise to clients who require a particular type of knowledge or service for a specific period of time, thus providing an economy to the client. In other situations, companies implementing a major project may need additional experienced staff to assist with increased work during that period.
More recently the term is also used somewhat euphemistically for temporary staff. That resource is only temporarily employed by a company to augment the company's core set of employees without providing any unique expertise. This usually indicates that the consultant could be expended when demand for that particular skill diminishes, though this expendability is sometimes recompensed with higher pay.
Sometimes a consultant is not an independent agent but is a partner or an employee of a consultancy, that is a company that provides consultants to clients on a larger scale or in multiple, though usually related, skill areas. This has advantages both to the client and to the consultant by:
- Providing a pool of talent that can be quickly mobilised as required
- Reassuring the client about the quality of the consultants supplied
- Giving the client access to the experience and methodologies of the whole consultancy rather than an individual
- Introducing the consultant to new experiences and techniques which may, eventually, permeate through the consultancy as a whole
A consultant giving career advice and training to an individual or a team is often termed a coach, and a consultant assisting an organization to develop a new strategy or solve a particular problem is sometimes referred to as a facilitator.
Strategy consultants are common in upper management in many industries. There are also independent consultants who act as interim executives with decision-making power under corporate policies or statutes. They may sit on specially constituted boards or committees.