Neon

For other uses, see Neon (disambiguation).

10 fluorine ← neon → - He ↑ Ne ↓ Ar periodic table
General
Name, Symbol, Number	neon, Ne, 10
Chemical series	noble gases
Group, Period, Block	18, 2, p
Appearance	colorless
Atomic mass	20.1797(6) g/mol
Electron configuration	1s2 2s2 2p6
Electrons per shell	2, 8
Physical properties
Phase	gas
Density	(0 °C, 101.325 kPa) 0.9002 g/L
Melting point	24.56 K (-248.59 °C, -415.46 °F)
Boiling point	27.07 K (-246.08 °C, -410.94 °F)
Heat of fusion	0.335 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	1.71 kJ/mol
Heat capacity	(25 °C) 20.786 J/(mol·K)
Vapor pressure P/Pa 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T/K 12 13 15 18 21 27
Atomic properties
Crystal structure	cubic face centered
Oxidation states	no data
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 2080.7 kJ/mol
	2nd: 3952.3 kJ/mol
	3rd: 6122 kJ/mol
Atomic radius (calc.)	38 pm
Covalent radius	69 pm
Van der Waals radius	154 pm
Miscellaneous
Magnetic ordering	nonmagnetic
Thermal conductivity	(300 K) 49.1 mW/(m·K)
Speed of sound	(gas, 0 °C) 435 m/s
CAS registry number	7440-01-9
Notable isotopes
Main article: Isotopes of neon iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 20Ne 90.48% Ne is stable with 10 neutrons 21Ne 0.27% Ne is stable with 11 neutrons 22Ne 9.25% Ne is stable with 12 neutrons
References

Neon is the chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ne and atomic number 10. A colorless nearly inert noble gas, neon gives a distinct reddish glow when used in vacuum discharge tubes and neon lamps and is found in air in trace amounts.

Notable characteristics

Neon is the second-lightest noble gas, glows reddish-orange in a vacuum discharge tube and has over 40 times the refrigerating capacity of liquid helium and three times that of liquid hydrogen (on a per unit volume basis). In most applications it is a less expensive refrigerant than helium. Neon has the most intense discharge at normal voltages and currents of all the rare gases.

Applications

Neon is often used in signs

The reddish-orange color that neon emits in neon lights is widely used to make advertising signs. The word "Neon" is also used generically for these types of lights when in reality many other gases are used to produce different colors of light. Other uses:

• vacuum tubes
• high-voltage indicators,
• lightning arrestors,
• wave meter tubes,
• television tubes.
• Neon and helium are used to make a type of gas laser.

Liquefied neon is commercially used as an economical cryogenic refrigerant.

History

Neon (Greek neos meaning "new") was discovered by English chemists William Ramsay and Morris Travers in 1898.

Occurrence

Neon is usually found in the form of a gas with molecules consisting of a single neon atom. Neon is a rare gas that is found in the Earth's atmosphere at 1 part in 65,000 and is produced by supercooling air and fractionally distilling it from the resulting cryogenic liquid. Neon, like water vapor, is lighter than air; unlike water vapor, which condenses into a liquid below the stratosphere and is thus trapped in Earth's atmosphere, neon may slowly leak out into space, which explains its scarcity on Earth. Argon, in contrast, is heavier than air and so remains within Earth's atmosphere.

Compounds

Even though neon is for most practical purposes an inert element, it can form an exotic compound with fluorine in the laboratory. It is not known for certain if this or any neon compound exists naturally but some evidence suggests that this may be true. The ions, Ne⁺, (NeAr)⁺, (NeH)⁺, and (HeNe⁺), have also been observed from optical and mass spectrometric research. In addition, neon forms an unstable hydrate.

Isotopes

Neon has three stable isotopes: Ne-20 (90.48%), Ne-21 (0.27%) and Ne-22 (9.25%). Ne-21 and Ne-22 are nucleogenic and their variations are well understood. In contrast, Ne-20 is not known to be nucleogenic and the causes of its variation in the Earth have been hotly debated. The principal nuclear reactions which generate neon isotopes are neutron emission, alpha decay reactions on Mg-24 and Mg-25, which produce Ne-21 and Ne-22, respectively. The alpha particles are derived from uranium-series decay chains, while the neutrons are mostly produced by secondary reactions from alpha particles. The net result yields a trend towards lower Ne-20/Ne-22 and higher Ne-21/Ne-22 ratios observed in uranium-rich rocks such as granites. Isotopic analysis of exposed terrestrial rocks has demonstrated the cosmogenic production of Ne-21. This isotope is generated by spallation reactions on magnesium, sodium, silicon, and aluminium. By analyzing all three isotopes, the cosmogenic component can be resolved from magmatic neon and nucleogenic neon. This suggests that neon will be a useful tool in determining cosmic exposure ages of surficial rocks and meteorites.

Similar to xenon, neon contents observed in samples of volcanic gases are enriched in Ne-20, as well as nucleogenic Ne-21, relative to Ne-22 contents. The neon isotopic contents of these mantle-derived samples represent a non-atmospheric source of neon. The Ne-20-enriched components were attributed to exotic primordial rare gas components in the Earth, possibly representing solar neon. Elevated Ne-20 abundances were also found in diamonds, further suggesting a solar neon reservoir in the Earth.

References

• Los Alamos National Laboratory – Neon

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Neon

• WebElements.com – Neon
• It's Elemental – Neon
• Computational Chemistry Wiki