Children and Adolescents
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Wikipedia-Article "Children"
A child (plural: children) is a young human. Depending on context it may mean someone who is not yet an adult, or someone who has not yet reached puberty (someone who is prepubescent).
Child is also the opposite of parent: adults are the children of their parents despite their maturation beyond infancy; for example "Benjamin, aged 26, is the child of Tobias, aged 63". Similarly in a generalized sense, see child node.
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Gender
A female child is called a girl and a male child is a boy (though a small percentage of humans are intersexual, this is a distinction of biological sex, not necessarily social or psychological gender). Apart from the reproductive system, young children do not differ much by sex. Whether cultural and parental practices emphasize or weaken gender identity is subject to debate. In general, the extent to which gender identity is formed during childhood or congenital is a matter of much debate within psychology and genetics. See also nature vs. nurture.
Development
Child development is the study or examination of processes and mechanisms that operate during the physical and mental development of an infant into an adult.
Pediatrics is the branch of medicine relating to the care of children. It encompasses ages from prenatal to teenagers and even young adults (ages 0-21 years).
Terms for stages of age-related physical development include, with their approximate age ranges:
- Zygote, the point of Conception, fertilization
- Embryo; in the later stages also called fetus
- Birth
- Child
- Infant (baby, newborn) (0-1.5)
- Toddler (1.5-4)
- Primary school age (also called prepubescence) (4-12)
- Elementary school age (also called middle childhood) (4-8)
- Preadolescence (preteen, or late childhood. The child in this and the previous phase are called schoolchild (schoolboy or schoolgirl), when still of primary school age.) (9-12)
- Adolescence and puberty (teenage) (13-19)
- Young adult (16-25)
- Adult (16-21 or older; exact minimum age may vary)
- Early adulthood (16-39)
- Middle age (40-59)
- Advanced adult/Senior citizen (60+)
- Death (occurs at various ages depending on person)
Also sometimes used are terms that specify one's age in decades, such as:
- Twenty something (20-29)
- Thirty something (30-39)
- Forty-something/Quadragenarian (40-49) (rarely used since 1980)
- Quinquagenarian (50-59)
- Sexagenarian (60-69)
- Septuagenarian (70-79)
- Octogenarian (80-89)
- Nonagenarian (90-99)
- Centenarian (100-109)
- Supercentenarian (110+)
Cognitive development
Notable child prodigies
- Christian Friedrich Heinecken (The Infant of Lübeck)
- Isaac Albeniz
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
- Sarah Chang
See also: Child prodigy
Human development
- Main article: Human development
Human development refers to all forms of development above, often in the context of clinical or developmental psychology, or as human development theory (in economics, an outgrowth of welfare economics).
Both the psychological and economic fields share a special concern with education and language fluency including literacy and numeracy, and with identification and development of more unique talents into the economic variable known as individual capital.
Earlier branches of economics see humans in terms of labour for production, means of persuasion or protection, which tend to be skills acquired only in adolescence and adulthood. The human development view is more evident in sports, music and other performing arts, such as acting where the child begins training often as early as three years of age. Think of Tiger Woods and his early practice golfing.
While there are problems with such early "streaming", child murder, child abandonment, military use of children and other major social ills are thought to be reduced by a human development approach – as there is a high value assigned to children by the state.
The UN Human Development Index is a means of measuring well-being used to rank states by these criteria. Although child abuse is thought to be lower in countries with a high ranking on this Index, that is not easily proven.
See also
List of child related articles
- Bible Stories
- Boy, Girl
- Child abandonment
- Child abuse
- Child custody
- Child discipline
- Child labor
- Child prodigy
- Child sexuality
- Child support
- Childcare
- Children in history
- Defense of infancy
- Education, School
- Fathers' rights
- Parenting
- Parental Alienation Syndrome
- Street children
- Children's street culture
- Taking Children Seriously
- Toy
- UNICEF
- Visitation
- Auxology
References
External links
Wikipedia-Article "Adolescents"
This article is about the punk group The Adolescents. For the other meaning of the word "adolescent", see Adolescent.
The Adolescents were a punk band formed in 1980 in Fullerton, California.
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History
The Adolescents were formed by Steve Soto after leaving Agent Orange in December 1979. The original line-up was led by frontman Tony Cadena, with Steve Soto on bass, Frank Agnew on guitar, John O'Donovan on guitar and Peter Pan on drums. Both John & Peter left in June and were replaced by Rikk Agnew and Casey Royer formerly of Social Distortion & The Detours respectively. The band created fast, energetic music that was at the forefront of the Orange County punk scene.
Later that year, the group released the classic hardcore single "Amoeba" on Posh Boy Records. The track also appeared on the Rodney on the ROQ compilation, assembled by L.A. DJ Rodney Bingenheimer.
The Adolescents signed with Frontier Records in January 1981 and recorded The Adolescents the following month. It quickly became one of the best-selling California hardcore albums behind the Dead Kennedys' Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables. Despite this Rikk Agnew left and was replaced by Pat Smear, formerly of the Germs. This line up lasted until the end of June when Pat left (he would later go on to Nirvana and the Foo Fighters).
The Adolescents broke up in August 1981. Tony formed the Abandoned, Steve & Frank joined Legal Weapon, Casey formed D.I. and Rikk joined Christian Death after his departure.
Rikk Agnew made his solo album in 1983 then joined D.I. with Alfie Agnew Frank and Rikk's younger brother.
In 1986 The Adolescents reformed with their original line-up and started to work on a new album. Before recording Casey and Frank left the band. Casey had wanted to keep D.I. going, and Frank lost interest. Sandy Hansen took Casey's place on drums and Alfie took Frank's place on guitar. They recorded Brats in Battalions in the late summer.The record came out in August 1987 due to the band deciding to produce and release the album themselves with little cash or backing.
At the end of 1986 Alfie went to college and his place taken by Dan Coburn by the end of the year Tony and Dan left.
In 1988 Rikk and Steve decided to replace Dan with Paul Casey and start singing themselves. Paul left after four months and Frank replaced him on guitar, aftering touring the band recorded Balboa Fun Zone.
The Adolescents broke up in April 1989. Steve, Sandy and Frank started Joyride and Rikk did a couple of solo albums.
The band regrouped to tour for the 20th anniversary of their self-titled album in 2001 and have continued to perform.
The Adolescents have a new release out on Finger Records,O.C. Confidential. Finger Records is owned and run by Mel Schantz out of Orange County, CA.
Previous Members
- Alfie Agnew (Guitar 1987)
- Frank Agnew (Guitar 1980-89)
- Rikk Agnew (Guitar 1980-89)
- Jeff Beans (Bass 1982)
- Tony Cadena (Vocals 1980-89)
- Dan Colburn (Guitar 1987-89)
- John O'Donovan (Guitar 1980)
- Sandy Hansen (Drums 1987-89)
- Rick Herschbeth (Guitar 1982)
- Peter Pan (Drums 1980)
- Paul (Guitar 1988-89)
- Steve Roberts (Guitar 1981-82)
- Casey Royer (Guitar 1980-87)
- Pat Smear (Guitar 1981)
- Steve Soto (Bass 1980-89)
Current Members
Discography
- The Adolescents (1981)
- Brats in Battalions (1987)
- Balboa Fun Zone (1988)
- Live 1981 and 1986 (1989)
- Return to the Black Hole (live) (1997)
- Complete Demos 1980-1986 (2005)
- O.C. Confidential (2005)