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The linguistic turn refers to a major development in Western philosophy during the 20th century, the most important characteristic of which is the focusing of philosophy, and consequently also the other humanities, on language as constructing reality.

Very different intellectual movements were associated with the term "linguistic turn". It became popular with the anthology The Linguistic Turn. Essays in Philosophical Method which Richard Rorty edited in 1967. He worked in the tradition of analytical philosophy.

The fact that language is not a transparent medium of thought had been stressed by a very different form of philosophy of language which originated in the works of Johann Georg Hamann and Wilhelm von Humboldt. Analytical philosophy did not relate to this tradition

In the 1970s the humanities recognized the importance of language as a structuring agent. Decisive for the linguistic turn in the humanities where the works of yet another tradition, namely structuralism and poststructuralism. Influential theorists are Judith Butler, Luce Irigaray, Julia Kristeva und Jacques Derrida.

The view that language 'constitutes' reality is contrary to common sense and to most of the western tradition of philosophy. The traditional view saw words as functioning like labels. First there seemed to be something like 'the real chair', followed by the meaning 'Chair' to which the word "chair" refers. But already the founder of structuralism, Ferdinand de Saussure, was able to show that differences between meanings cannot exist independently from differences between sounds. The differences between meanings structure our perception. We would not be able to recognize a simple chair as a chair without knowing the meaning of "chair" as opposed to "arm chair". Therefore all we can know about reality is conditioned by language.

The power of language, more specifically of certain rhetorical tropes, in historical discourse was explored by Hayden White.

Literature

• Elizabeth A. Clark, History, theory, text : historians and the linguistic turn, Cambridge, Mass. [u.a.] : Harvard Univ. Press, 2004
• Toews, John E., "Intellectual History after the Linguistic Turn. The Autonomy of Meaning and the Irreducibility of Experience", in: The American Historical Review, 92/4 (1987), S. 879-907.
• Hayden White, Metahistory. The Historical Imagination in Nineteenth-Century Europe. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973.

See also

• rhetoric
• Semiotic turn and semiotics
• Iconic turn and iconicity
• Cognitive turn and cognition
• Aretaic turn and virtue ethics

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