Church of Scientology
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Wikipedia-Article "Church of Scientology"
The Church of Scientology is a new religious movement founded by the late author L. Ron Hubbard. It is an organization dedicated to the practice of Scientology which it presents as an "applied religious philosophy."
"A civilization without insanity, without criminals and without war, where the able can prosper and honest beings can have rights, and where man is free to rise to greater heights, are the aims of Scientology," according to Hubbard. From its earliest days, the Church has been a focus of controversy wherever it appeared, with critics charging the actual methods and goals of the Church sharply contradict Hubbard's stated aims.
The nature and legal status of the Church continues to arouse controversy around the world. The Church has, since 1993, been recognized by the US Internal Revenue Service as a non-profit charitable organization, affording it the same legal protections and favorable tax treatment the US government extends to long-established religious groups. By contrast, many other governments have been reluctant to accept the Church: the governments of Germany and Belgium officially regard the Church as a totalitarian cult; in France, a parliamentary report classified Scientology as a dangerous cult; in the United Kingdom and Canada the Church is not regarded as meeting the legal standards for being considered a bona fide religion.
Hubbard directly managed the Scientology organizations until 1966 [1], when he resigned his title as Executive Director and turned managerial functions over to Church executives. Though Hubbard maintained no formal relationship to Church management—and sometimes vigorously denied any connection to it—all independent researchers conclude Hubbard remained firmly in control of the Church and its affiliated organizations until the final illness that preceded his death in 1986.
Following Hubbard's death, David Miscavige, one of his former personal assistants, assumed the post of Chairman of the Religious Technology Center (RTC), a Scientology corporation that regulates the use of Church symbols and Hubbard's copyrighted works. While not publicly claiming to be the leader of Scientology, Miscavige is widely recognised as being the controlling figure of the network of Scientology-affiliated organizations, including the Church of Scientology International, whose president and chief spokesman is the Reverend Heber Jentzsch.
Churches, missions and major Scientology centers
- Main article: List of Scientology organizations
Scientology churches and missions exist in many communities around the world. Scientology calls its larger centers orgs, short for "organizations." The major Scientology church of a region is known as the local org, e.g., "the New York org," or "the Washington, D.C. org." Members of the public entering a Scientology church or mission are offered a free personality test followed by a suggestion of which Scientology courses and "auditing" would benefit them. Courses, books and counselling are available for a fixed donation.
Though historians point to the founding org in Camden, New Jersey in 1953, the church itself recognizes the Los Angeles org, founded in 1954, as the first Church of Scientology.
The Church of Scientology also has several major headquarters, including:
Saint Hill, Sussex, England
- Main article: Saint Hill
L. Ron Hubbard moved to England shortly after founding Scientology, where he oversaw the worldwide development of Scientology from an office in London for most of the 1950s. In 1959, he bought Saint Hill Manor near the Sussex town of East Grinstead, a Georgian manor house formerly owned by the Maharajah of Jaipur. This became the worldwide headquarters of Scientology through the 1960s and 1970s. Hubbard declared Saint Hill to be the org by which all other orgs would be measured, and he issued a general order (still followed by the Church today) for all orgs around the world to expand and reach "Saint Hill size." The Church of Scientology has announced that the highest levels of Scientology teaching, OT 9 and OT 10, will be released and made available to church members when all the major orgs in the world have reached Saint Hill size.
Flag Land Base, Clearwater, Florida
Today, the worldwide spiritual headquarters of the Church of Scientology is located in the city of Clearwater, Florida. Flag Land Base is an international headquarters founded in the late 1970s when an anonymous Scientology-founded group called "Southern Land Development and Leasing Corp" purchased the Fort Harrison Hotel for $2.3 million. Because the reported tenant was the "United Churches of Florida," another anonymous front group for the Church of Scientology, the citizens and City Council of Clearwater did not realize that the building's owners were actually the Church of Scientology until after the building's purchase.[2] Clearwater citizens' groups, headed by Mayor Gabriel Cazares, rallied strongly against Scientology establishing a base in the city (repeatedly referring to the organization as a cult), but Flag Base was established nonetheless.
In the years since its foundation, Flag Base has expanded as the church has gradually purchased large amounts of additional property in the downtown and waterfront Clearwater area. Its relationship with the city has repeatedly moved between "friendly" and "hostile," as the church has worked with the city to establish better relations; while at the same time actively opposing the local St. Petersburg Times and even protesting the Clearwater police department. Scientology's largest project in Clearwater has been the construction of a huge high-rise complex called the "Super Power Building," an enormous structure whose highest point, when completed, will be a huge Scientology cross that will tower over the city.
PAC Base, Hollywood, California
Los Angeles, California, has the largest concentration of Scientologists and Scientology-related enterprises in the world. Scientology has established a highly visible presence in the Hollywood district of the city. The church owns a large complex on Sunset Boulevard which was formerly a hospital. It contains Scientology's west coast headquarters, "Pacific Area Command Base," often referred to as "PAC Base." Adjacent buildings include headquarters of many of Scientology's internal divisions, including the American Saint Hill Organization; the Advanced Organization of Los Angeles; Los Angeles Organization, founded 1954, and the offices of Bridge Publications, Scientology's publishing arm. The Church of Scientology successfully campaigned to have the city of Los Angeles rename one block of a street running through this complex 'L. Ron Hubbard Way.' The Street has been paved in brick and kept in pristine condition by Scientologists.
Elsewhere in Hollywood is the most elaborate of Scientology's Celebrity Centres, luxurious accommodations meant to cater to arts professionals. On Hollywood Boulevard, a multi-story building houses the executive offices of the Church of Scientology International and an open-to-the-public exhibition devoted to the life of L. Ron Hubbard. Also in the area are the headquarters of Author Services, Inc. (Hubbard's Literary agency), the Association for Better Living and Education (A.B.L.E.), which administers social programs based on Hubbard's writings, (including Narconon and Applied Scholastics), the World Institute of Scientology Enterprises, (WISE), which promotes Hubbard's business management techniques and facilitates a network of Scientology-related businesses, and the Citizens Commission on Human Rights, a Scientology-affiliated group that focuses on alleged abuses of psychiatry, and includes a "Psychiatry: An Industry of Death" museum.
Gold Base, Gilman Hot Springs, California
Another headquarters for Scientology is Gold Base, located near Hemet, California, about 80 miles southeast of Los Angeles. It is also known as INT Base. The facility is owned by Golden Era Productions and is the home of Scientology's media production studio, Golden Era Studios.
According to many accounts by journalists and former scientologists, Gold Base is the central headquarters for the entire network of Scientology-related enterprises. Gold Base reportedly contains the headquarters of the Religious Technology Center (RTC), which owns the trademarks and copyrights connected with Scientology and Dianetics. The Chairman of the Board of RTC is David Miscavige, who is often described by sources both inside and outside of Scientology as the ultimate head of the Church of Scientology and all scientology-related organizations, since he has the power to authorize the use of the works of L. Ron Hubbard.
The existence of Gold Base is not broadly publicised as is the case of the other headquarters mentioned here: the RTC lists a Los Angeles address on their publications and web site. The existence of Gold Base was kept secret, even within Scientology, in the pre-Internet era. The facilities at Gold Base are surrounded by razor wire, floodlights, and video observation cameras.
Flag ship, Freewinds
- Main article: Freewinds
Another Scientology center of note is the cruise ship Freewinds, which is the only place the current highest level of Scientology training (OT VIII) is offered. It cruises the Caribbean Sea, under the auspices of the Flag Ship Service Organization. The Freewinds is also used for other courses and auditing for those willing to spend extra money to get services on the ship.
Sea Org
- Main article: Sea Org
The Sea Organization—most often shortened to "Sea Org"—was founded in 1967 by L. Ron Hubbard, as he embarked on a series of voyages around the Mediterranean Sea in a small fleet of Scientology-crewed cruise ships. Hubbard—formerly a disgraced lieutenant junior grade in the US Navy—bestowed the rank of "Commodore" of the vessels upon himself. The crew who accompanied him on these voyages (known as "Commodore's Messengers") became the foundation of the Sea Org.
The Sea Org enforces rules and administers disciplinary procedures within the church, as well as staffing most of the major headquarters of the church and its affiliates. The Sea Org is frequently characterized as the "elite" of scientology, both in terms of power within the organization and dedication to the cause. Scientologists seeking to advance within the church are encouraged to join the Sea Org, which involves devoting their full time to Scientology projects in exchange for meals, berthing, and a nominal honorarium, amounting to a vow of poverty. Members sign a contract pledging their loyalty to Scientology for "the next billion years," committing their future lifetimes to the Sea Org. The Sea Org's motto is "Revenimus" (or "We Come Back").
Disciplinary procedures and policies within the Sea Org have been a focus of critics who accuse Scientology of being an abusive cult. During the original Sea Org's Mediterranean tour, Commodore Hubbard is alleged to have applied a variety of physical punishments, including the practice of "overboarding," or throwing offenders over the side of the ship. Former Sea Org members have claimed that past punishments included confinement in hazardous conditions such as the ship's chain locker. [3] Members who violate rules within the Sea Org are sent to perform physical labor in the Rehabilitation Project Force.
Volunteer Ministers
The Church of Scientology began its "Volunteer Ministers" program as a way to participate in community outreach projects. Over the past several years, it has become a common practice for the organization to send teams of Volunteer Ministers to the scenes of major, headline-grabbing disasters in order to provide assistance with relief efforts. According to critics, these relief efforts consist of passing out copies of a pamphlet authored by L. Ron Hubbard entitled The Way To Happiness, and engaging in a method of calming panicked or injured individuals known in Scientology as a "touch assist."
The Volunteer Minister program most heavily promoted by Scientology took place in the immediate aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, when approximately one thousand Scientologists were sent to New York City to participate in the relief efforts there. Scientologists wearing bright yellow T-shirts emblazoned with the logo "Scientology Volunteer Minister" became a common sight at the World Trade Center site during the cleanup efforts. Critics of Scientology accused the organization of attempting to take advantage of the disaster in order to promote Scientology to the grief-stricken populace in the area. An E-mail confirmed to be from a Sea Org "Lieutenant" brags of a deliberate plan to prevent the grief-stricken from receiving counseling from non-Scientology sources. "Due to some brilliant maneuvering by some simply genius Sea Org Members we tied up the majority of the psychs who were attempting to get to families yesterday in Q&A, bullbait and wrangling. [... The survivors] don't know it but they need the Scientologists with LRH's tech to be here right now." [4]
On the other hand, the Scientology Volunteer Ministers were commended by the New York Fire Department for the assistance given at Ground Zero. [5]
The Scientology Volunteer Ministers have been actively helping with disaster efforts in Southeast Asia following the tsunami there. In the immediate aftermath of the 7 July 2005 London bombings their Volunteer Ministers were sighted at one London hospital, offering their services to those affected by the events.[6]
A team of 39 Volunteer Ministers from Clearwater is currently onsite in New Orleans, helping with the disaster that followed Hurricane Katrina. They expect to be in Louisiana for a minimum of thirty days.
The Volunteer Ministers trained for and belong to the State of Florida's Certified Emergency Response Team (CERT).
Religious Technology Center (RTC)
- Main article: Religious Technology Center
Around 1980, all of the Church's intellectual property was transferred to a newly formed entity called the Religious Technology Center (RTC) which, according to its own publicity, exists to safeguard and control the use of the Church of Scientology's copyrights and legal protections.
The RTC employs a small army of lawyers and has vigorously pursued individuals and groups who have legally attacked Scientology or who are deemed to be a legal threat to Scientology. This has included breakaway Scientologists who have tried to practice Scientology outside the central church and critics, as well as numerous government and media organizations. This has helped to maintain Scientology's reputation for litigiousness (see Scientology and the legal system).
Legal waivers
Recent legal actions involving the Church's relationship with its members (see Scientology controversy) have caused the church to publish extensive legal documents that cover the rights granted to followers. It has become standard practice within the church for members to sign lengthy legal contracts and waivers before engaging in Scientology services, a practice that contrasts greatly with many mainstream religious organizations. Recently in 2003, a series of media reports examined the legal contracts required by Scientology, which state, among other things, followers deny any psychiatric care their doctors may prescribe to them:
- "…I do not believe in or subscribe to psychiatric labels for individuals. It is my strongly held religious belief that all mental problems are spiritual in nature and that there is no such thing as a mentally incompetent person — only those suffering from spiritual upset of one kind or another dramatized by an individual. I reject all psychiatric labels and intend for this Contract to clearly memorialize my desire to be helped exclusively through religious, spiritual means and not through any form of psychiatric treatment, specifically including involuntary commitment based on so-called lack of competence. Under no circumstances, at any time, do I wish to be denied my right to care from members of my religion to the exclusion of psychiatric care or psychiatric directed care, regardless of what any psychiatrist, medical person, designated member of the state or family member may assert supposedly on my behalf." — from the official Scientology release form for the Introspection Rundown, offered by the Church to its members, (c) 2001.
- See also: Introspection Rundown
Church or business?
From 1952 until 1966, the Scientology was administered by a secular organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on 10 September 1952. In 1954, the HAS became the HASI (HAS International). The first Church of Scientology was founded in December 1953 in Camden, New Jersey. This, along with two other groups chartered by Hubbard at the same time—the Church of American Science and the Church of Spiritual Engineering—were soon abandoned by Hubbard. The first incorporated Church of Scientology was founded in California on 18 February 1954, changing its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956. In 1966, Hubbard transferred all HASI assets to CSC, thus gathering Scientology under one tax-exempt roof. In 1967, the IRS stripped all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and operated for the benefit of Hubbard. The church sued and lost repeatedly for 26 years trying to regain its tax-exempt status. The war was eventually settled in 1993, after the church paid over $12 million to the IRS and the IRS agreed to make the church a tax-exempt nonprofit organization again. According to "Scientologists and IRS settled for $12.5 million" in The Wall Street Journal published on December 30, 1997, exemption was granted after Scientology paid a settlement of $12.5 million to cover its outstanding tax liabilities. In addition, Scientology also dropped more than fifty lawsuits against the IRS when this settlement was reached. Scientology frequently states its tax exemption is proof the United States government accepts it as a religion.
In other countries, though, the Church is not recognized as a bona fide religion or charitable organization, but is regarded as a commercial enterprise. (Sentence of German Labor Court). In early 2003, in Germany, Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for 10% license fees sent to the US. This exemption, however, is related to a German-American double-taxation agreement, and is unrelated to tax-exemption in the context of charities law. In several countries, public proselytizing undergoes the same restrictions as commercial advertising, which is interpreted as persecution by the Church.
In Israel, Scientology does not use "Church" as part of its name, possibly because of the Christian connotation of the term in Jewish culture. When asked, most Israeli Scientologists deny Scientology is a religion, and low-level adherents appear genuinely surprised when confronted with English material in which the word "Church" appears. Something similar happens in Scotland, where Scientology operates as the "Hubbard Academy of Personal Independence"; it is believed Scottish law does not permit Scientology to call itself a religion.
Unlike many other well-established religious organizations, the Church maintains strict control over its names, symbols, religious works and other writings. The word Scientology (and many related terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a registered trademark. The Church takes a hard line on people and groups who attempt to use it in organizations unaffiliated with the official Church (see Scientology and the legal system).
World View of Scientology
Official reports in countries such as Britain, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand have yielded unfavorable observations and conclusions. In Britain, Scientologists were banned from entering the country between 1968 – 1980; more recently, an application by Scientology for charitable status was rejected after the authorities decided its activities were not of general public benefit. In Germany and Russia, official views of Scientology are particularly harsh. It is seen as a totalitarian organization, and is or has been under observation by police and national security organizations.
In Israel, Scientology is restricted by Israeli anti-missionary laws. There are many active Jewish religious organizations that confront Scientology like Lev L'Achim. They provide hotlines and other services to warn citizens of the many seemingly legitimate fronts Scientology hides behind.
The Church claims that in 1994, a joint council of Shinto Buddhist (Yu-itsu Shinto) sects in Japan not only extended official recognition of Scientology, but also undertook to train a number of their monks in its beliefs and practices as an adjunct to their own meditations and worship. This continues, according to Scientology, a long tradition of Eastern faiths of assimilating or adopting elements of other faiths which they find harmonious with their own. This may be a reflection of Hubbard's acknowledgment a strong Buddhist influence in forming his personal philosophy. However, academic researchers have noted Hubbard's grasp of eastern religions was shallow and often inaccurate (see Prof. Stephen A. Kent, Scientology's Relationship With Eastern Religious Traditions).
Finances
Scientologists are invited to attend classes, exercises or counseling sessions, for a set range of fees (or "fixed donations"). Charges for auditing and other church-related courses run from hundreds to thousands of dollars. A wide variety of entry-level courses, representing 8 to 16 hours study, cost under $100 (US). More advanced courses require membership in the International Association of Scientologists (IAS). Membership without courses or auditing is possible, but the higher states cannot be reached this way. In 1994/95, Operation Clambake, a website critical of the Church, estimated the cost of reaching "OT IX readiness", one of the highest levels, is US $365,000 – $380,000. [7]
Critics say it is improper to fix a donation for religious service; therefore the activity is non-religious. The Church points out many classes, exercises and counseling may also be traded for "in kind" or performed cooperatively by students for no cost, and members of its most devoted orders need donate nothing for services.
Membership statistics
It is difficult to obtain reliable membership statistics for the Church. The Church itself issues only vague figures (without breaking them down by region or country), and public censuses have only recently included questions about religious affiliations.
The Church has claimed anywhere from eight million to fifteen million members world-wide, and has stated "Scientology is the fastest growing religion in the world". Critics, however, state evidence suggests otherwise. The International Association of Scientologists (IAS) maintains a list of Scientologists world-wide. However, not every active Scientologist is a member of the International Association of Scientologists.
- In 1986, the New Zealand national census found 189 Scientologists nationwide.
- In 1991, the National Survey of Religious Identification [8] reported 45,000 Scientology followers in the United States. This survey has been placed as evidence in the case "Raul Lopez v. Church of Scientology Mission of Buenaventura" by Scientology's attorney, Gerald L. Chaleff. The same year, the New Zealand national census found the nationwide total of Scientologists had increased to 207.
- In 1994, there were 3,400 Scientology "Sea Org" members, 34,000 lifetime IAS members, and 54,000 yearly IAS members. This produces a total of 91,400 names on the membership lists. Observers estimate at least half of these people no longer participate in Scientology, and do not consider themselves Scientologists.
- In 1995 IAS membership was estimated at 65,000 active Scientologists world-wide.
- In 1996, Australia's national census recorded 1,488 Scientologists nationwide (equivalent to 0.00767% of the population). The New Zealand national census found a further increase in the number of Scientologists, to 213—putting them on a level with Hare Krishna and Christian Science but considerably behind Satanism (903 members).
- In 1998, the German Office for the Protection of the Constitution estimated a total of 5,000 – 6,000 Scientologists in that country.
- In 2001, the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) reported 55,000 adults in the United States who consider themselves Scientologists. [9] Observers estimate an additional 20,000 Scientologists outside the United States, for a total of 75,000 world-wide.
- The 2001 UK Census contained a voluntary question on religion, to which 48,000,000, 92% of the population, chose to respond. Of those living in England and Wales who responded, a total of 1,781 claimed to be Scientologists. The New Zealand national census reported 282 Scientologists, continuing its upward trend, though still behind Satanism (down to 893).
- In 2003, the Canadian national census reported a total of 1,525 Scientologists nationwide.
Scientology splinter groups
- Main article: Free Zone
The Church denies the legitimacy of any splinter groups and factions outside the official organization, and has actively sought out these "rogue" Scientologists and tried to prevent them from using officially trademarked Scientology materials. These independent Scientologists are known as "squirrels" within the Church, and are classified as suppressive persons ("SPs") — in other words, opponents and enemies of Scientology. Despite the Church bearing considerable legal and social pressure, the number of Scientologists who have broken away from the Church has increased since Hubbard's death. Many groups refer to themselves under the umbrella term of "Free Zone".
Affiliated organizations
There are many independently-chartered organizations and groups which are staffed by Scientologists, and use Scientology technology and trademarks under the control of Scientology management. In some cases, these organizations do not publicize their affiliation with Scientology.
A.B.L.E.
Founded in 1989, the Association for Better Living and Education (A.B.L.E.) [10] is an umbrella organization that administers four of Scientology's social programs:
- Narconon drug rehabilitation centers.
- Official Narconon Site
- Narconon Exposed — covers media reports, source documents, studies and research papers.
- Criminon prisoner rehabilitation programs.
- The Way to Happiness Foundation, dedicated to disseminating Hubbard's "non-religious moral code."
- Applied Scholastics, educational programs based on Hubbard's "Study Tech."
CCHR
- The Citizens' Commission on Human Rights (CCHR), co-founded with Thomas Szasz in 1969, is an activist group dedicated to exposing "psychiatric abuse," furthering Scientology doctrinal opposition to mainstream psychiatric therapies.
WISE
Many other Scientologist-run businesses and organizations belong to the umbrella organization WISE (World Institute of Scientology Enterprises), which licenses the use of L. Ron Hubbard's management doctrines, and circulates directories of WISE-affiliated businesses. WISE requires those who wish to become Hubbard management consults to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be undertaken at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers an Associate of Applied Science Degree.
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- Official WISE Site
- Hubbard College of Administration site
- Los Angeles Times Article Series on Scientology: 4. Reaching into Society
- Critical information on WISE and WISE licensed consultants. While the Church of Scientology denies that WISE is part of the church, internal publications such as The Command Channels of Scientology and WISE's place on the Scientology Org Board, as well as numerous reports that WISE affiliates are urged to recruit for Scientology in exchange for money, lead critics to assert that denials by Scientology are disingenuous.
- One of the best-known WISE-affiliated businesses is Sterling Management Systems [11], which offers Hubbard's management "technology" to professionals such as dentists and chiropractors.
- Another well-known WISE-affiliated business is e-Republic, a publishing company based in Folsom, California.[12] e-Republic publications include Government Technology and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Government is a division of e.Republic that was founded in 1999.
- Internet ISP EarthLink was founded by Scientologist Sky Dayton as a Scientology enterprise. The company now distances itself from the views of its founder, who has moved on to become CEO of SK-EarthLink.
See also
- List of Scientologists
- List of religious organizations
- List of purported cults
- Cult checklist
- Scientology controversy
References
External links
- Church of Scientology official home page
- Extract from the book "The Church of Scientology" by J. Gordon Melton, favorable view of Scientology including many related links
- Operation Clambake, an archive of critical articles on Hubbard and Scientology
- The Road to Xenu (A largely critical narrative account of life in Scientology)
- An Introduction to Scientology from a critical perspective
Critical links
- Scientology-Kills.org - with articles and memorials
- Xenu TV - videos of harrassment by and of church members.
- Xenu.net - facts on Scientology, affiliated people and organizations
- [13] - Scientology's Moral and Financial "Black Hole"
- Examining the Church of Scientology by Apologetics Research Resources on Religious Cults, Sects, Religions, Doctrines